...managers had failed to change their basic assumptions about employees. Many managers still believed that (1) "the average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if he can"; (2) "most people must be coerced, controlled, directed, threatened with punishment to get them to put forth...

...Chapters 3 and 4). Theory X ossumpt/ons about workers: The traditional view of direction and control 1. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if he or she can. 2. Because of this characteristic of dislike of work, most people must be coerced, controlled,...

...they note, "termed Theory X 'the assumption of the mediocrity of the masses.' " The masses "need to be coerced, controlled, directed, and threatened with punishment to get them to put forward adequate effort," McGregor wrote. Theory Y, by contrast, assumes (1) that the expenditure of...

...that people are essentially lazy, that they dislike work and will avoid it if they can, and that they must be coerced, controlled, directed, and threatened with punishment to get them to perform. For this type of manager or supervisor, the average person prefers to be directed, wishes...

...X and Theory Y styles of management as described by Douglas McGregor.5 Theory X assumptions include "the average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if he can. The average human being prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little...

...The average individual has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible. Therefore: • Most people must be coerced, controlled, directed,...punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort. This is because: • They prefer to be directed, wish to avoid responsibility, have relatively little...

...assumption that people — yes, here's one from McGregor about the Theory X now: "The average worker has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if he can." That's nonsense. It's wrong, incorrect as a generalization. There are certain circumstances in which...

...involved in decisions A Theory X manager believes: • the average person is lazy and has an inherent dislike of work • most people must be coerced, controlled, directed and threatened with punishment if the organisation fails to achieve its objectives • the average person avoids responsibility, prefers...

...1950s, when his ideas were formulated.4i The main thrust of Theory X is that the average human heing has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if he or she can; therefore managers must coerce, punish, and control people to make them contribute to organizational...

...the then-current view held by managers, which for shorthand he referred to as Theory X, as follows: 1. "The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if he can" (p. 33). 2. "Because of this human characteristic of dislike of work, most people must be coerced,...