ed by a curve with its tangent, which considered as true angles, and ft be compared with one another, degh not with right lined angles, as engininitely smaller. ANGLI of elevation, in gunnery, is that which the axis of the hollow cylinder, or barrel of the gun, makes with a bocasuetaine. See ELEVATION. AsGLES oblique are those which are gaster than right angles. Spherical ANGLE is an angle formed dhe intersection of two great circles of the sphere. A spherical angle is measured by the arc of a great circle, intercepted between the legs, or the legs produced, whose pole is in the vertex the angle. AveLe lunular is an angle formed by the intersection of two curves, the one cscave and the other convex, the two faces, being the utmost part of Diminished ANGLE, only used by or Is formed ANGLE of the shoulder, ANGLE of the tenaille, Is made by Mired-line ANGLE is that compre-towards the curtain, and is that which hended between a right line and a curv el cae. ANGLE of a semi-circle is that which the diameter of a circle makes with the Cresterence, ANGLE of Incidence is that which the line of direction of a ray of light, dr makes at the point where it first taches the body it strikes against, with erected perpendicular to the surface of that body. ASCLE of Interval between two med from the eye to those places. ANGLE of Reflection is the angle intamented between the line of direction afa body rebounding, after it has struck st another body, and a perpendiChar erected at the point of contact. ASOLE at the Center, in fortification, the angle formed at the middle of the ,by lines drawn from thence to the pants of the two adjacent bastions. ANGLE of the Curtain, ( That which ANGLE of the Flank, S is made by, contained between the curtain and De tank. ANGLE of the Polygon, that which imade by the meeting of the two sides the polygon, or figure in the center the bastion. See FORTIFICATION. ANGLE of the base interior, is the half of the figure, which the interior polygon makes with the radius, when they join each other in the center; intersecting the center of the gorges of each bastion. ANGLE of the base interior, is an angle formed by lines drawn from the center of the figure, to the angle of the exterior polygon, cutting the center of the gorges of each bastion. ANGLE of the gorge, is that angle formed by the prolongation of the curtains, intersecting each other, in the center of the gorge, through which the capital line passes. ANGLE 1 ANGLE of the ditch, is formed before || impulse to any body of men who are adthe center of the curtain, by the outward line of the ditch. ANGLE of the mole, is that which is made before the curtain where it is intersected. Flanked ANGLE. See ANGLE of the bastion. Saliant ANGLE, ? Is that angle which ANGLE sortant, 5 points outwards, or towards the country. Such is the angle of the counterscarp before the point of a bastion. Entering ANGLE, or ? An angle pointANGLE rentrant, S ing inwards, as the saliant angle points outwards. Such is the angle of the counterscarp before the curtain. ANGLE of the counterscarp, made by two sides of the counterscarp meeting before the center of the curtain. vancing against an enemy, or to prevent a ANGLE at the circumference of a cir-themselves animated and full of fire, cle, is an angle formed by two chords in the circumference of a circle. ANGLE of the circumference, is the mixed angle formed by an arch, drawn || tional ear is captivated, or by a happy from one gorge to another. Re-entering ANGLE. See Entering ANGLE. ANGLE of the complement of the line of defence, is the angle formed by the intersection of the two complements with each other. ANGLES of a battalion, are made by the last men at the extremity of the ranks and files. Front ANGLES, the two last men of the front rank. Rear ANGLES, the two last men of the rear rank. Dead ANGLE, is a re-entering angle, || consequently not defended. waving of the hand, hat, or sword, cause the most timid to become careless of danger, and keep up the enthusiasm of the bravest. Many battles, both in ancient and modern times, have taken a sudden turn from the most trivial circumstance of this nature. During last war, a large body of French troops, who landed at St. Lucie, were defeated by a handful of British soldiers who had retired to an eminence called St. Vigie, under the present Sir William Medows. This brave and gallant officer, after having been wounded in his right arm, rallied the 5th regiment of foot in front of the colours, and waving his sword in the left hand, enthusiastically exclaimed, Soldiers! as long as you have a bayonet left to point against the breasts of your enemies, defend these colours! ANGON, in ancient military history, was a kind of dart of a moderate length, having an iron bearded head and cheeks; in use about the fifth century. This sort of javelin was much used by the French. The French are more susceptible of The iron head of it resembles a fleur-this species of animation than any other de-lis; and it is the opinion of some writers, that the arins of France are not fleurs-de-lis, but the iron point of the angon or javelin of the ancient French. nation. The difference indeed, which is manifest, between French and English valour, requires a different application of these artificial means. English soldiers will always advance with cool, de ANGULAR, in a general sense, de- || liberate resolution, provided they are notes something relating to, or that hath angles. To ANIMATE, in a military sense, to encourage, to incite, to add fresh well led on. French soldiers, on the contrary, spring as it were into action with a vanity congenial to the country, and as precipitately shrink from it under circums ences of discomfiture. During the went war, they have furnished sewestances of the power of military so heavy a body, and are made to represent dolphins, serpents, &c. ANSPESADE. SeeLANCECORPORAL. ANTEMURAILLE, Fr. in the ancient military art, denoted what now the moderns generally call the out-works. bon. The success at Arcoli, to Buonaparté owes more than half reputation, was the consequence of & bold and individual exertion, when he matched the standard, and personally ind the grenadiers across the bridge. A variety of instances might be enumerated | der to dispute the remainder of a piece wheren words and gestures have had of ground. the most happy result. As far back as ANTESTATURE, in ancient fortification, signifies an intrenchment of pallisades or sacks of earth thrown up in or the days of Cæsar there are examples that stand fresh upon record; and noCang proves more forcibly the influence which a great reputation has upon ANTHONY, or Knights of St. Anthony, a military order instituted by Albert, duke of Bavaria, Holland, and Zealand, when he designed to make war against the Turks in 1382. The knights wore a collar of gold made in the form of a hermit's girdle, from which hung a stick like a crutch, with a little bell, as they are represented in St. Anthony's pictures. APPAREILLES, Fr. are those slopes that lead to the platform of the bastion. See FORTIFICATION. mon minds, than the exclamation wach Cæsar used when he was crossing tranch of the sea, between Brundusm and Dyrrachium. He embarked by sight in the habit of a slave, and lay ta the boards like an ordinary passenAs they were sailing down the Annius, a violent storm arose, which quite overcame the art of the piAPPAREILLEUR, Fr. an architect ast, who gave orders to put back; but who superintends the workmen in the thes, Cæsar would not permit, who dis-construction of fortifications, sluices, &c. c wering himself, and taking the astoAPPEAL, might formerly have been bed priot by the hand, bade him bold-made, by the prosecutor or prisoner, go on, and fear nothing; for, cried he, from the sentence or jurisdiction of a carriest Cesar and Casar's fortune. regimental to a general court-martial. *Cesarem vehis fortunamque ejus." At present no soldier has a right to apANNALS, a species of military his peal, except in cases where his immedi, wherein events are related in the ate subsistence is concerned. logical order they happened. They (5 from a perfect history, in being * mere relation of what passes every asa journal is of what passes every ANNUNCIADA, an order of miliknighthood in Savoy, first instiby Amadeus I. in the year 1409; her culiar was of 15 links, interwoven with another, and the motto F. E. I. signifying fortitudo ejus Rhodum ad. Amadeus VIII. changed the of St. Maurice, patron of Savoy, hung at the collar, for that of the Mary; and instead of the motto Ve mentioned, substituted the words of the angel's salutation. AVOLYMPIADES. See OLYM PAD. ANSE des Pieces, a French term for The handies of cannon. Those of brass hare two-Those of iron seldom anyChese handles serve to pass cords, handkes, or levers, the more easily to move APPEL, Fr. a roll call; a beat of drum for assembling; a challenge. APPEL, in fencing, a smart beat with your blade on that of your antagonist on the contrary side to that you have engaged, generally accompanied with a stamp of the foot, and used for the purpose of procuring an opening. APPOINTÉ. This word was applicable to French soldiers only, during the monarchy of France, and meant a man who for his long service and extraordinary bravery received more than common pay. There were likewise instances in which officers were distinguished by being stiled officiers appointés. They were usually rewarded by the king. The word appointé was originally derived from it being said, that a soldier was appointed among those who were to do some singular act of courage, as by going upon a forlorn hope, &c. &c. APPOINTMENT, in a military sense, is the pay of the army; it likewise applie APPROACHES. All the works are generally so called that are carried on towards a place which is besieged; such as the first, second, and third parallels, the trenches, epaulments with and with-profession; when they were admitted to applies to warlike habiliments, accoutrements, &c. APPREHEND, in a military sense, implies the seizing or confining of any person. According to the articles of war, every person who apprehends a deserter, and attests the fact duly before a magistrate, is entitled to receive twenty shillings. to know the part he would attack, its proportions, its force and solidity, in the most geometrical manner. APPROACHES, in a more confined sense, signify attacks. Counter APPROACHES, are such trenches as are carried on by the besieged, against those of the besiegers. APPRENTI, Fr. Apprentice. In France they had apprentices or soldiers among the artillery, who served for less pay than the regular artillery men, until they became perfect in their out trenches, redoubts, places of arms, saps, galleries, and lodgments. See these words more particularly under the head FORTIFICATION. This is the most difficult part of a siege, and where most lives are lost. The ground is disputed inch by inch, and neither gained nor maintained without the loss of men. It is of the utmost such vacancies as occurred in their respective branches. APRON, in gunnery, a square plate of lead that covers the vent of a cannon, to keep the charge dry, and the vent clean and open. Their dimensions are as follow, viz. for a 42, 32, and a 24 pounder, 15 inches by 13; for an 18, 12, and a 9 importance to make your approaches | pounder, 12 inches by 10; for a 6, 5, with great caution, and to secure them as much as possible, that you may not throw away the lives of your soldiers. The besieged neglect nothing to hinder the approaches; the besiegers do every thing to carry them on; and on this depends the taking or defending of the place. The trenches being carried to their glacis, you attack and make yourself master of their covered way, establish a lodgment on the counterscarp, and effect a breach by the sap, or by mines with several chambers, which blow up their intrenchments and fougades, or small mines, if they have any. You cover yourselves with gabions, fascines, barrels, or sacks; and if these are wanting, you sink a trench. You open the counterscarp by saps to make yourself master of it; but, before you open it, you must mine the flanks that defend it. The best attack of the place is the face of the bastion, when by its regularity it permits regular approaches and attacks according to art. If the place be irregular, you must not observe regular approaches, but proceed according to the irregularity of it; obserying to humour the ground, which permits you to attack it in such a manner at one place, as would be useless or dangerous at another; so that the engineer who directs the attack ought exactly 3, and 14 pounder, 10 inches by 8. They are tied fast by two strings of white marline, the length of which, for a 42 to a 12 pounder inclusive, is 18 feet, 9 feet each string; for a 9 to a 14 pounder, 12 feet, 6 feet for each. APPUI-Point d'appui, Fr. any particular given point or body, upon which troops are formed, or by which they are marched in line or column. Aller à P'APPUI, Fr. to go to the assistance of any body, to second, to back. Hauteur d'APPUI, Fr. breast-height. AQUEDUCT, a channel to convey water from one place to another. Aqueducts, in military architecture, are generally made to bring water from a spring or river to a fortress, &c. they are likewise used to carry canals over low grounds, and over brooks or small rivers: they are built with arches like a bridge, only not so wide, and are covered above by an arch, to prevent dust or dirt from being thrown into the water. See Muller's Practical Fortification. The Romans had aqueducts which extended 100 miles. That of Louis XIV. near Maintenon, which carries the river Bute to Versailles, is 7000 toises long. ARAIGNÉE, Fr. in fortification. See GALLERY. ARBALET, in the ancient art of war, a cross-bow, made of steel, set in a shaft of wood, with a string and trigger, bent with a pere of iron fitted for that pur- || sea-ports, camps, building powder mapad used to throw bullets, large as, darts, &c. Also a mathema astrument called a Jacob's Staff, a measure the height of the stars upon Sorizon. ARBALETE à jalet, Fr. a stone bow. ARBALETRIER d'une Galére, Fr. that part of a galley where the crossbowmen were placed during an engage ARBORER, Fr. to plant. Arborer dendart, to plant the standard. ARC, Fr. a bow; an arch in building. ARCH, in military architecture, is a faut of concave building, in form of a carve, erected to support some heavy ractare, or passage. Tramphal ARCH, in military history, a stately erection generally of a semiColar form, adorned with sculpture, inscriptions, &c. in honour of those heroes who have deserved a triumph. For * very able Treatise on Arches see Mr. Acwood's late publication; and under PARABOLA See Parabolic Arches. 30s and arrows. ARCHERS, in military history, a And of militia or soldiery, armed with They were much sed in former times, but are now laid de, excepting in Turkey, and in some of the eastern countries. ARCHERY, the art of shooting with a bow and arrow. Our ancestors were amous for being the best archers in Eu"or, and most of our victories in France were the purchase of the long-bow. The catutes made in 33 Hen. VIII. relative * exercise, are worth perusal. It Forbidden, by statute, to shoot at a zanding mark, unless it be for a rover, where the archer is to change his mark every shot. Any person above 24 vars old is also forbidden to shoot with prick-shaft, or flight, at a mark of en score yards or under. 33 Hen. VIII. chap. 9. The former was a pro for making good marksmen at ; the latter for giving strength and ARCHITECTURE, in a military is the art of erecting all kinds of utary edifices or buildings, whether habitation or defence. Muitary ARCHITECTURE, instructs 4in the method of fortifying cities, gazines, barracks, &c. Military archi tecture is divided into regular and irre gular fortification. Regular fortification consists in having all its sides and angles equal among themselves. Irregular fortification is composed of parts where the sides and angles are not equal or uniforın among themselves. This species of fortification is permanent or temporary. The permanent one is constructed for the purpose of remaining a long time, and for the protection of large towns. The temporary one is that which is erected in cases of emergency. Under this denomination are contained all sorts of works which are thrown up to seize a pass or gain an eininence, or those which are made in circumvallations and counter-vallations, viz. redoubts, trenches, and batteries. See FORTIFICATION. Naval ARCHITECTURE, the art of building the hull or body of the ship, distinct from her machinery and furniture for sailing, and may properly be comprehended in three principal cipal articles. 1. Το give the ship such a figure, or outward form, as may be most suitable to the service for which she is intended. 2. To find the exact shape of the pieces of timber necessary to compose such a fabrick. 3. To make convenient apartments for the artillery, ammunition, provisions, and cargo, together with suitable accommodations for the officers and men. ARCHITRAVE, the master-beam, or chief supporter, in any part of a subterterraneous fortification. AREA, the superficial content of any rampart, or other work of a fortification. ARIGOT, Fr. a fife or flute. ARM, in geography, denotes a branch of the sea, or of a river. ARM is also used figuratively to de note power. To ARM, to take arms, to be provided against an enemy. ARMADA, a Spanish term, signifying a fleet of inen of war, applied particularly to that great one fitted out by the Spaniards, with an intention to conquer this island in 1588, and which was defeated by the English fleet, under admirals Lord Howard and Sir Francis Drake. C ARMA |