cording to this practice, whenever a king made war, instead of using his own ships, he used to seize all the merchants' ships and sailors that he could find, and form them into a fleet to fight his enemies, or transport his armies. This proceeding at once put a total stop to trade. Henry not only gave up this unjust practice, but he built ships of his own. He spent £14,000 in building one ship, called the Great Harry-which is considered the first ship of the English navy.

Another domestic incident of this reign was the establishment of the first standing army —an event much to be deplored, as "standing armies" will have to be abolished, if men are to act according to the commands of Our Saviour. Fifty archers were at first instituted as a guard by King Henry, and their number was in time increased to 100; they were required to attend the king at home and abroad.

The first shillings were issued in the reign of Henry.

The Chapel of Henry VII., at Westminster, was built by his order. It is a most magnificent specimen of "the florid" style of architecture which was introduced in his reign.

Another important event in Henry's reign was the discovery of America, by a native of Genoa named CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS: this happened in 1492. SEBASTIAN CABOT, a native of England, who was the first European that landed upon North America; AMERIGO VESPUCIUS, a native of Flo

1. Henry VII. began the line of Tudor kings. These kings were the descendants of OWEN TUDOR, the Welsh gentleman who married Catherine, the widow of Henry V.

2. When the line of Plantagenets ended, the civil wars, the feudal system, and the system of Popery began to decline. Henry VII. was a determined friend to peace and commerce; he only engaged in wars which he could not possibly avoid. The principal disturbances of his reign were those arising from conspiracies and rebellions. Those of Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck were the most important.

3. Henry did very much during his reign to improve the condition of his kingdom. His great aim was to raise the people, and depress the nobles and the feudal system. This he accomplished most effectually by avoiding war, on which the existence of the feudal system much depended; and by the improvement of commerce, which provided employment for

the people, and made them less dependent on the nobles. Henry also aimed a blow at the feudal system by a law which permitted the nobles to sell their estates, and to divide them at their deaths.

4. In order to carry out his plans, however, Henry tried to dispense with the help of the Parliament, and to govern by his own power. At one time the Parliament did not meet for seven years. Henry was enabled to govern without them, because he possessed sufficient money to be independent of their help. He was a very frugal, careful, and sagacious man, but, unfortunately, he resorted to most unjust means to increase his riches. He died in the year 1509, possessing at his death £1,800,000. He was a contrast to Henry VI., for, at the close of his reign, which was a long period of civil war, his debts were £372,000.

The establishment of the COURT OF STAR CHAMBER, the first issue of SHILLINGS, the beginning of the STANDING ARMY, the DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, by Christopher Columbus; and the names of Amerigo Vespucius, Sebastian Cabot, Bartholemew Diez, and others of these times, are worthy of remembrance.

HENRY VIII.

P. There will be time for us to have a few words to-day on the history of Henry VIII. He was the son of Henry VII. His father had taken care of his education, as he thought, for he had rendered him accomplished and learned;

but, on the other hand, he had not taken care to improve his son's character, by correcting his bad passions. Such education which makes a man learned without teaching him to act rightly, is a foolish one, as the life of young Henry will prove. Unfortunately, Henry VII. did not set his son a good example.

When young Henry VIII. came to the throne, he was at first much admired. He was eighteen years of age, handsome, lively, and supposed to be amiable; while he also had a strong intellect. The people were glad to exchange the old king, who had extorted so much from them, for his lively son.

In the first year of his reign, Henry married Catherine of Arragon, the widow of his brother Arthur. In the next year (1510) he punished the two unjust lawyers, Epsom and Dudley; they were convicted, and executed on Tower Hill.

The other acts of Henry soon showed forth his bad qualities, proving him to be a sad contrast to his father. Instead of saving money, as his father had done, the young king devoted himself to pleasures and rejoicings. The money which his father had so carefully hoarded, Henry squandered away in masques, balls, and pageants, which were kept up without interruption for two years. Before the end of that time it was seen that the bad passions of the young Henry were often his master; and that, as he was unable to control them, they led him into acts of injustice and cruelty.

Lesson 10.

THE INTERJECTIONS. P. THERE is one other class of words for you to discover. See if you can find some of them in the following sentences. You may know them in two ways-1st, you may tell that they do not belong to any of the previous classes; 2ndly, you will be able to observe that they are alike.

W. Then, thirdly, we are to say what it is that makes them alike to make their "definition."

P. Yes; here are the sentences.

Oh! Mary, you have burnt your pinafore. For shame! Aha! what fun he is making! He went out in the dark, and, alas! he fell into the well. Well! I am surprised, for he was a prudent man. Pooh what is the use of prudence in the dark? Eh! how can you ever call prudence useless? Hush, hush!

Ion. I see the new kind of words, papa-they are not pre

positions, or conjunctions, or articles. They are different from the other classes. They are only exclamations-just the little words which people use when they cry out. Here is the list. Oh! For shame! Aha! Alas! Well! Pooh! Hush! What do you call these exclamations, papa?

P. They are called Interjections, from two Latin words which mean a throwing in. You may see that they are merely thrown into the sentence, for they might be taken out again without spoiling the sense. So you may easily distinguish this last class of words.

L. Yes. I will write their definition.

L. Secondly, we are to count the words in the exercise. I have counted them; there are 105.

Ion. And Willie and I have counted the number of each class. There are 23 nouns, 8 adjectives, 10 pronouns, 19 verbs, 8 adverbs, 15 articles, 8 prepositions, 8 conjunctions, and 6 interjections.

P. That is correct. Now that you have counted them, you may write the words themselves in their proper classes. Write the 105 words on your slate, arranging them in classes.* When you have done this, you may learn your "memory lesson" on the nine classes.

66

66

66

4. There are words which express being something, doing something, or being done to such as, was ill," am good," to kick," "will kick," "was kicked," "sing," "jump," "smile;" these are called VERBS.

5. Words are sometimes added to verbs to tell us something about them-such as, nicely, well, much, soon, here; these are called ADVERBS.

6. The two little words a and the are sometimes placed before nouns to show whether they are used in a general or particular way; these are called ARTICLES.

7. There are many words used to show the connection between other words-such as, of, for, to, by, through, under, before; these are called PREPOSITIONS.

8. Some words are used to join two parts of a sentence together-such as, and, but, yet, when, if, or, as, though; and these are called CONJUNCTIONS.

9. All words used as exclamations such as, Fie! Ah! Oh! Haha! Pooh! Tush! Halloo! are called INTERJECTIONS.

P. I think that you would remember the names of these

classes better if I were to tell

you what each name means.

The word NOUN is derived

from the Latin nomen, a name.

two Latin words, ad, to, and ADJECTIVE is derived from jactus, thrown (being thrown on to nouns).

PRONOUN is derived from pro, for, and nomen, a name. VERB is derived from verbum,