ARMADILLA, a Spanish term, signifying a small squadron. ARMATURA, in ancient military history, signifies the fixed and established military exercise of the Romans, nearly in the sense we use the word exercise. Under this word is understood the throwing of the spear, javelin, shooting with bows and arrows, &c. ARMATURA is also an appellation|| given to the soldiers who were light- || armed. Aquinus seems, without reason, to restrain armatura to the tyrones, or young soldiers, in it. in small bodies, as opportunity occurred. See RIFLEMEN, &C. ARMES des Pieces de Canon, the French term for the tools used in practical gunnery, as the scoop, rammer, sponge, &c. ARMET, Fr. a casque or helmet. ARMIGER, an esquire or armourbearer, who formerly attended his knight or chieftain in war, combat, or tournament, and who carried his lance, shield, or other weapons with which he fought. ARMILUSTRIUM, in Roman anti ARMATURA is also a denomination|quity, a feast observed among the Ro given to the soldiers in the emperor's retinue. ARMED, in a general sense, denotes something provided with, or carrying arms. An ARMED body of men, denotes a military detachment, provided with arms and ammunition, ready for an engagement. A ARMED, in the sea language. cross-bar-shot is said to be armed, when some rope-yarn, or the like, is rolled about the end of the iron bar which runneth through the shot. ARMED ship, is a vessel taken into the government's service, and equipped by then, in time of war, with artillery, ammunition, and warlike instruments: it is commanded by an officer who has the rank of master and commander in the navy, and upon the same establishment with sloops of war, having a lieutenant, master, purser, surgeon, &c. ARME, Fr. This word is used among the French to express a body of arined men. ARME blanche, Fr. This term is used among the French to signify sword or bayonet. Attaquer à l'ARME blanche, Fr. to attack sword in hand, or with fixed bayonets. ARMEE, Fr. See ARMY. man generals, in which they sacrificed, armed, to the sound of trumpets, and other warlike instruments. ARMISTICE, a temporary truce, or cessation of arms for a very short space of time only. ARMORY, a warehouse of arms, or a place where the military habiliments are kept, to be ready for use. ARMOUR, denotes all such habili ments as serve to defend the body from wounds, especially darts, a sword, a lance, &c. A complete suit of armour formerly consisted of a helmet, a shield, a cuirasse, a coat of mail, a gantlet, &c. now almost universally laid aside. ARMOUR-BEARER, he that carries the armour of another. ARMOURER, a person who makes or deals in armour, or arms; also a person who keeps them clean. ARMS, (Armes, Fr.) in a general sense, signify all kinds of weapons, whether used for offence or defence. Arms may properly be classed under two specific heads— Arms of offence, which include musquet, bayonet, sword, pistol, &c. Arms of defence, which are shields, helmets, coats of mail, or any species of repulsive or impenetrable covering, by which the body of a man is pro tected. ARMEMENT, Fr. a levy of troops, In a legal sense, arms may extend to equipage of war, either by land or sea. any thing that a man wears for his own ARMES a l'Epreuve, a French term defence, or takes in his hand, and uses for armour of polished steel, which was in anger, to strike, throw at, or wound proof against the sword or small arms; another. It is supposed, that the first but its weight so encumbered the wear-artificial arms were of wood, and only er, that modern tacticians have wholly ¦¦ employed against beasts; and that Belus, rejected its use. the son of Nimrod, was the first that waged war: whence, according to some, came the appellation bellum. Diodorus Siculus ARMES à la légère, Fr. light-armed troops, who were employed to attack Saas Belus to be the same with Max was first trained soldiers up to bate Arms of stone, and even of appear to have been used before came to tron and steel. Josephus rus, that the patriarch Joseph rx taught the use of iron arms in igra, ag the troops of Pharaoh was a casque and buckler. The principal arms of the ancient was were bitchets, scythes, lances, ss and bucklers: the Saxons, &c. in the halberd, bow, arrows, Carbus, &c. By the ancient laws of Bagand, every man was obliged to bear cept the judges and clergy. VIII. it was expressly Get on all persons to be regularly acted, even from their tender years, a evocase of the arms then in use, the long bow and arrows, and to be provided with a certain number of ༅། in the common law, it is an offence fr persons to go or ride armed with sweapons; but gentlemen, both or of the ariny, may wear comarmour, according to their quality. The ang may prohibit force of arms, and panch offenders according to law; therein every subject is bound to be ang. Stat. 7. Edward L. None shall ume with force and arms before the 'astices, or ride armed in affray e peace, on pain to forfeit their rat, and to suffer imprisonment, Edward III. c. 3. The importaarms and ammunition is prohiced by 1 Jac. II. c. 8, and by Wiland Mary, stat. 2. c. 2. So likeara, &c. shipped after prohi300, are forfeited, by 29 Geo. I. || 16 sec. 2. AxMs of parade, or courtesy, were used in the ancient justs and tourtments, which were commonly unshod aces, swords without edge or point, || moden swords, and even canes. Bel of ARMS, or Bell Tents, a kind fats in the shape of a cone, where the company's arms are lodged in the They are generally painted with the colour of the facing of the regiment, and the king's arms in front. Pass of ARMS, a kind of combat, anciently one or more cavaliers took to defend a pass against all eks. Place of ARMS. See FORTIFICATION. Stand of ARMS, a complete set of arins for one soldier. ARMS, in artillery are the two ends of an axletree. See Arletree, under the word CARRIAGE. Fire-ARMS, are great guns, firelocks, carbines, guns and pistols; or any other machine discharged by inflamed powder. ARMY, a large number of soldiers, consisting of artillery, foot, horse, dragoons, and hussars or light horse, completely armed, and provided with engineers, a train of artillery, ammunition, provisions, commissariat, forage, &c. and under the command of one general, having lieutenant-generals, major-generals, brigadier-generals, colonels, lieutenant-colonels, majors, captains, and subalterns. An army is composed of brigades, regiments, battalions, and squadrons, and is generally divided into three or more corps, and formed into three lines; the first of which is called the front line, a part of which forms the van guard; the second, the main body; and the third, the rear guard, or corps of reserve. The center of each line is generally possessed by the foot; the cavalry form the right and left wings of each line; and sometimes a squadron of horse is posted in the inter vals between the battalions. When an ariny is drawn up in order of battle, the horse are frequently placed at five feet from each other, and the foot at three. In each line the battalions are distant from each other about 180 feet, which is nearly equal to the extent of their front: and the same rule holds good of the squadrons, which have about 300 feet distance, being the extent of their own front. These intervals are left for the squadrons and battalions of the second line to range themselves against the intervals of the first, that both may more readily march through those spaces to the enemy. The front line is generally about 300 feet from the center line; and the center line as much from the rear, or corps of reserve, that there may be sufficient room to rally when the squadrons or battalions are broken. Our armies anciently were a sort of militia, composed chiefly of the vassals and tenants of the lords. When each company had served the number of days or months enjoined by their tenure, or the customs of the fees they held, they returned home. Armies in general are distinguished by the following appellationsA covering army. A blockading army. An army of observation. An army of reserve. A flying army. An army is said to cover a place when it lies encamped or in cantonments for the protection of the different passes which lead to a principal object of defence. An army is said to blockade a place, when, being well provided with heavy ordnance and other warlike means, it is employed to invest a town for the direct and immediate purpose of reducing it by assault or famine. An ARMY of observation is so called because by its advanced positions and desultory movements it is constantly employed in watching the army. An ARMY of reserve may not improperly be called a general depot of effective service. In cases of emergency the whole or detached parts of an army of reserve are generally employed to recover a lost day or to secure a victory. It is likewise sometimes made use of for the double purpose of secretly increasing the number of active forces, and rendering the aid necessary according to the exigency of the moment, and of deceiving the enemy with respect to its real strength. Flying ARMY, a strong body of horse and foot, commanded for the most part by a lieutenant-general, which is always in motion, both to cover its own garrisons, and to keep the enemy in continual alarm. A naval or sea ARMY, is a number of ships of war, equipped and manned with sailors, mariners, and marines, under the command of an admiral, with the requisite inferior officers under him. ARNAUTS, Turkish light cavalry, whose only weapon was a sabre very much curved. Some are in the Russian service, || ARQUEBUSE a Croc, an old piece of fire-arm, resembling a musquet, but || which is supported on a rest by a hook of iron, fastened to the barrel. It is longer than a musquet, and of larger calibre, and was formerly used to fire through the loop-holes of antique fortifications. ARQUEBUSIER, a French term, formerly applied to all the soldiery who fought with fire-arms, whether cavalry or infantry. ARRAY, order of battle. See BATTLE ARRAY. ARRAYERS, officers who anciently had the charge of seeing the soldiers duly appointed in their armour. ARREARS, in the army, were the difference between the full pay and subsistence of each officer, which was directed to be paid once a year by the agent. See PAY. ARREST, a French phrase, similar in its import to the Latin word retinaculum. It consists in a small piece of steel or iron, which was formerly used in the construction of fire-arms, to prevent the piece from going off. Ce pistole: est en arret is a familiar phrase among military men in France. This pistol is in arrest, or is stopped. ARREST, is the exercise of that part of military jurisdiction, by which an officer is noticed for misconduct, or put into a situation to prepare for his trial by a general court-martial. ARRESTE of the glacis, is the junction of the talus which is formed at all the angles. ARRIERË, Fr. the rear. ARRIERE Ban, Fr. See BAN. ARRIERE-garde, Fr. the rear-guard. En ARRIERE-marche! Fr. to the rear-march! ARRONDISEMENT, Fr. district. ARROW, a missive weapon of offence, slender and pointed, made to be shot with a bow. ARROW. See FORTIFICATION. ARSENAL, in a large and well fortified town, is a large and spacious building, in which are deposited all kinds of arms, and other warlike implements, such as cannon, mortars, howitzers, small arms, and every other kind of warlike engines and instruments of death. ART. Military art may be divided into two principal branches. The first branch relates to the order and arrangement which must be observed in the management of an army, when it is to fight, to march, or to be encamped. Thach derives its appellation from || pounders, 12, 9, 6, and 3 pounders; latch signifies order. The same appellation belongs to the tranch of military art, and inces the composition and the applicawaruke machines. ARTICLES OF WAR, are known Mes and regulations for the better percent of the army in the king- Great Britain and Ireland, doEs beyond the seas, and foreign pars dependent upon Great Britain. mortars from 13 to 8 inches diameter; besides royals and cohorns; howitzers of every denomination, mounted on their proper carriages and beds, &c. There is moreover attached to the train a sufficient quantity of horses, spare carriages, spare mortar beds, block carriages, limbers, waggons for ammunition and stores, shells, round and grape shot, bullets, powder, cartridges, port fires, intrenching tools, artificers tools, miners tools, gins, capstans, forges, small stores, laboratory stores, pontoons, pontoon carriages, with their requisites; tumbrels, aprons of lead, budge barrels, chevaux de frize, pallisades, platforms, chandeliers, blinds, drag-ropes, flints, harness, powder measures, fuze engines, fuzes, tents, &c. The train of artil may be altered and enlarged at the pure of the king. And in certain es extend to civilians-as when by canation any place shall be put under martial law; or when people follow camp or army for the sale of merchanto serve in any menial capacity. Its rdained, that the articles of war be read in the circle of each regisent belonging to the British armylery is, or should be, divided into brievery month, or oftener if the com ng officer thinks proper. A recor soldier is not liable to be tried bya matary tribunal, unless it can be d that the articles of war have been caly read to him. ARTIFICE, among the French, is rstood as comprehending every ting which enters the composition of works; as the sulphur, salt-petre, roval, &c. See FIRE-WORKS. ARTIFICER or ARTIFICIER, he makes fire-works, or works in the ery laboratory, who prepares the fes, bombs, grenades, &c. It is also ed to the military smiths, collarmars, &c. &c. and to a particular ARTILLERY, in a general sense, es all sorts of great guns or canrt, mortars, howitzers, petards, and beke; together with all the apparatus stores thereto belonging, which are not only taken into the field, but likevt to seges, and made use of both to ck and defend fortified places. Sce ORDNANCE. ARTILLERY, in a particular sense, ses the science of artillery or gun, which art includes a knowledge surveying, levelling; also that of geoetry, trigonometry, conic sections, of motion, mechanics, fortifica, and projectiles. The Train of ARTILLERY consists an unlimited number of pieces of ance, such as 24 pounders, 18 gades, to which belong not only the officers of the regiments of artillery, but even the civil list, such as comptrollers, commissaries of stores, clerks of stores, artificers of all denominations, conductors, store-keepers, waggon masters, drivers, &c. The increase of artillery clearly demonstrates its great utility; for in the year 1500, an army of 50,000 men had only 40 pieces of cannon in the field; and in the year 1757, the same number of troops brought 200 pieces into the field, including mortars and howitzers. At the battle of Jemappes, which was fought between the French and Austrians on the 6th of November, 1792, the latter had 120 pieces of cannon disposed along the heights of Framery, whilst their effective force in men did not exceed 17000. The French on this occasion brought nearly the same quantity of ordnance, some indeed of extraordinary calibre, but their strength in men was considerably more formidable. A Brigade of ARTILLERY generaliy consists of 8 or 10 pieces of cannon, with all the machinery, and officers to conduct them, and all the necessary apparatus thereto belonging. The Park of ARTILLERY is that place appointed by the general of an army, to encamp the train of artillery, apparatus, ammunition, as well as the battalions of the artillery, appointed for its service and defence. The figure of the the park of artillery, is that of a parallelogram, unless the situation of the ground renders another necessary. The park of artillery is generally placed in the center of the second line of encampment, and sometimes in the rear line, or corps of reserve. In both places the muzzles of the guns are in a line with the fronts of the serjeants tents of the regiments of artillery and infantry. Some generals choose to place the park about 300 paces before the center of the front line of the army. But let the situation be where it will, the manner of forming the park is almost every where the same, except that some artillery officers differ in the disposition of the carriages; others again divide the equipage as well as the guns into brigades, placing the first in the front line, the second in the next, and so on. However, the best, in our humble opinion, and the most approved method, is to divide the whole into brigades, placing the guns of the first to the right of the front line, and their ammunition behind them, in one or more lines. The different brigades should be all numbered, as well as every waggon belonging to them. Example, 1st brigade, front line, No. 1, 2, &c. 1st brigade, 2d line, No. 1, 2, &c. 2d brigade, front line, No. 1, 2, &c. and so of all the rest. This method will prevent confusion in the forming and breaking up of the park, as also on a march: besides, according to the numbers, the stores therein contained are known. ARTILLERY, in a military acceptation of the term, signifies every species of light or heavy ordnance. It is classed under specific heads; the most important of which are Field ARTILLERY, which includes every requisite to forward the operations of an army, or of any part of an army acting offensively or defensively in the field. Field artillery may be divided into two distinct classes-Field Artil lery, properly so called, and horse artillery. Encampment of a Regiment of ARTILLERY. Regiments of artillery are always encamped, half on the right, and half on the left of the park. The company of bombardiers (when they are formed into companies, which is the case in almost every nation excepting England) always takes the right of the whole, and the lieutenant colonel's company the left; next to the bombardiers, the colonels, the majors, &c. so that the two youngest are next but one to the center or park: the two companies next to the park, are the miners on the right, and the artificers on the left. In the rear of, and 36 feet from the park, are encamped the civil list, all in one line. The breadth between the front tent pole of one company, and that of another, called the streets, is 36 feet to each interval. From thence to the front poles? of serjeants tents For pitching 12 tents of artillery, with their proper intervals, at 9 feet each From the rear of companies tents, to the front of the subalterns tents From the front of the subal-} terns to that of the captains From the front of the captains} to that of the field officers From the front of the field › officers to that of the colonels S From the front of the colonels to that of the staff officers From the front of the staff officers to the front row of bâtmens tents From thence to the first row of pickets for horses From thence to the second row From thence to the second row of bâtmens tents From thence to the front or the grand sutler's tent From thence to the center of the kitchens 90 12 108 60 72 72 $6 48 54 6 36 6 42 60 From |