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by curve with its tangent, which considered as true angles, and be compared with one another, argh not with right lined angles, as gfinitely smaller.

As of elevation, in gunnery, is that which the axis of the hollow cylinder, or barrel of the gun, makes with a buceta line. See ELEVATION.

ASCLES oblique are those which are gter than right angles.

Serical ANGLE is an angle formed de intersection of two great circles the sphere. A spherical angle is measured by the arc of a great circle, intercepted between the legs, or the legs produced, whose pole is in the vertex the angle.

ASCLE lunular is an angle formed by the intersection of two curves, the one cscave and the other convex.

Mired-line ANGLE is that comprebeaded between a right line and a curv el cae.

Carrelline ANGLE is that intercepted between two curved lines meeteach other in one point, in the same pase.

ANGLE of a semi-circle is that which the diameter of a circle makes with the Cresterence.

ANGLE of Incidence is that which thece of direction of a ray of light, du makes at the point where it first taches the body it strikes against, with

erected perpendicular to the surof that body. ASCLE of Interval between two pes is that formed by two lines died from the eye to those places. ALLE of Reflection is the angle inated between the line of direction a body rebounding, after it has struck another body, and a perpendiCar erected at the point of contact. ASLE at the Center, in fortification, the angle formed at the middle of the pron, by lines drawn from thence to te pants of the two adjacent bastions. ANGLE of the Curtain, That which ALE of the Flank, is made by, and contained between the curtain and De tank.

ANGLE of the Polygon, that which made by the meeting of the two sides the polygon, or figure in the center the bastion. See FORTIFICATION.

ANGLE of the triangle is gle of the polygon. ANGLE of the bastion, or Flanked ANGLE,

half the an

That which is made by the two faces, being the utmost part of the bastion most exposed to the enemy's batteries, frequently called the point of the bastion. See FORTIFICATION.

Diminished ANGLE, only used by some foreign engineers, and more espe cially the Dutch, is composed of the face of the bastion, and the exterior side of the polygon.

ANGLE of the shoulder, or Is formed ANGLE of the épaule, by one face, and one flank of the bastion. See FORTIFICATION.

ANGLE of the tenaille, Is made by ANGLE rentrant, Stwo lines fichant, that is, the faces of the two bastions extended till they meet in an angle towards the curtain, and is that which always carries its point towards the outworks. See FORTIFICATION.

ANGLE of the flank exterior, is that which is before the center of the curtain, formed by the prolongation of the faces of the bastion, or by both the fichant lines of defence, intersecting each other on planning a fortification.

ANGLE of the flank interior, is formed by the flanked line of defence and the curtain; being that point where the line of defence falls upon the curtain.

ANGLE of the line of defence, is that angle made by the flank, and the line of defence.

ANGLE of the face, is formed by the angle of the face and the line of defence produced till they intersect each other.

ANGLE of the base interior, is the half of the figure, which the interior polygon makes with the radius, when they join each other in the center; intersecting the center of the gorges of each bastion.

ANGLE of the bafe interior, is an angle formed by lines drawn from the center of the figure, to the angle of the exterior polygon, cutting the center of the gorges of each bastion.

ANGLE of the gorge, is that angle formed by the prolongation of the curtains, intersecting each other, in the center of the gorge, through which the capital line passes.

ANGLE

ANGLE of the ditch, is formed before || the center of the curtain, by the outward line of the ditch.

ANGLE of the mole, is that which is made before the curtain where it is intersected.

Flanked ANGLE. See ANGLE of the bastion.

ANGLE

Saliant ANGLE, Is that angle which ર points outwards, or towards the country. Such is the angle of the counterscarp before the point of a bastion.

impulse to any body of men who are advancing against an enemy, or to prevent them from shamefully abandoning their colours in critical situations. Soldiers may be encouraged and incited to gallant actions not only by words, but by the looks and gestures of the officers, particularly of their commanding one. It is by the latter alone, indeed, that any of these artificial means should be resorted to; for silence, steadiness, and calmness are the peculiar requisites in the characters of subordinate officers.

Entering ANGLE, or An angle point-Whatever their private feelings may be, Sing inwards,

ANGLE rentrant,

as the saliant angle points outwards. Such is the angle of the counterscarp before the curtain.

ANGLE of the counterscarp, made by two sides of the counterscarp meeting before the center of the curtain.

ANGLE at the circumference of a circle, is an angle formed by two chords in the circumference of a circle.

ANGLE of the circumference, is the mixed angle formed by an arch, drawn from one gorge to another.

Re-entering ANGLE. See Entering

ANGLE.

ANGLE of the complement of the line of defence, is the angle formed by the intersection of the two complements with each other.

ANGLES of a battalion, are made by the last men at the extremity of the ranks and files.

Front ANGLES, the two last men of the front rank.

Rear ANGLES, the two last men of the rear rank.

Dead ANGLE, is a re-entering angle, consequently not defended.

ANGON, in ancient military history, was a kind of dart of a moderate length,|| having an iron bearded head and cheeks; in use about the fifth century. This sort of javelin was much used by the French. The iron head of it resembles a fleurde-lis; and it is the opinion of some writers, that the arms of France are not fleurs-de-lis, but the iron point of the angon or javelin of the ancient French.

ANGULAR, in a general sense, denotes something relating to, or that hath angles.

To ANIMATE, in a military sense, to encourage, to incite, to add fresh

a superior sense of duty should always prevent them from discovering the slightest symptom of personal fear or perturbation. The best effects, however, may be sometimes produced by a sort of electrical shock which is communicated to the soldiery: as, when officers, being themselves animated and full of fire, give a sudden and unexpected utterance to their sentiments; make use of some particular expression by which the national ear is captivated, or by a happy waving of the hand, hat, or sword, cause the most timid to become careless of danger, and keep up the enthusiasm of the bravest. Many battles, both in ancient and modern times, have taken a sudden turn from the most trivial circumstance of this nature. During last war, a large body of French troops, who landed at St. Lucie, were defeated by a handful of British soldiers who had retired to an eminence called St. Vigie, under the present Sir William Medows. This brave and gallant officer, after having been wounded in his right arm, rallied the 5th regiment of foot in front of the colours, and waving his sword in the left hand, enthusiastically exclaimed, Soldiers! as long as you have a bayonet left to point against the breasts of your enemies, defend these colours!

The French are more susceptible of this species of animation than any other nation. The difference indeed, which is manifest, between French and English valour, requires a different application of these artificial means. English soldiers will always advance with cool, deliberate resolution, provided they are well led on. French soldiers, on the contrary, spring as it were into action with a vanity congenial to the country, and as precipitately shrink from it under

aces of discomfiture. During tet war, they have furnished sestances of the power of military son. The success at Arcoli, to Buonaparté owes more than half reputation, was the consequence of bold and individual exertion, when he matched the standard, and personally send the grenadiers across the bridge. A variety of instances might be enumerated wherein words and gestures have had the most happy result. As far back as the days of Cæsar there are examples that stand fresh upon record; and no

proves more forcibly the influence which a great reputation has upon mon minds, than the exclamation waza Cesar used when he was crossing a branch of the sea, between BrunduSand Dyrrachium. He embarked by right in the habit of a slave, and lay to the boards like an ordinary passenAs they were sailing down the er Annius, a violent storm arose, atach quite overcame the art of the piwho gave orders to put back; but Cesar would not permit, who disevere himself, and taking the astobe put by the hand, bade him boldgoon, and fear nothing; for, cried he, carriest Casar and Casar's fortune. • Casarem vehis fortunamque ejus." ANNALS, a species of military his, wherein events are related in the

gical order they happened. They 5 from a perfect history, in being a mere relation of what passes every as a journal is of what passes every ANNUNCIADA, an order of miliKnighthood in Savoy, first instiby Amadeus I. in the year 1409; er cular was of 15 links, interwoven with another, and the motto F. E. L. I. signifying fortitudo ejus Rhodum

Amadeus VIII. changed the of St. Maurice, patron of Savoy, Mabang at the collar, for that of the Mary; and instead of the motto mentioned, substituted the words De angel's salutation. ANOLYMPIADES.

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See OLYN

ANSE des Pieces, a French term for De dies of cannon. Those of brass hare two-Those of iron seldom anythese handles serve to pass cords, handes, or levers, the more easily to move

so heavy a body, and are made to represent dolphins, serpents, &c.

ANSPESADE. SEELANCECORporal. ANTEMURAILLE, Fr. in the aucient military art, denoted what now the moderns generally call the out-works.

ANTESTATURE, in ancient fortification, signifies an intrenchment of pallisades or sacks of earth thrown up in order to dispute the remainder of a piece of ground.

ANTHONY, or Knights of St. Anthony, a military order instituted by Albert, duke of Bavaria, Holland, and Zealand, when he designed to make war against the Turks in 1382. The knights wore a collar of gold made in the form of a hermit's girdle, from which hung a stick like a crutch, with a little bell, as they are represented in St. Anthony's pictures.

APPAREILLES, Fr. are those slopes that lead to the platform of the bastion. See FORTIFICATION.

APPAREILLEUR, Fr. an architect who superintends the workmen in the construction of fortifications, sluices, &c.

APPEAL, might formerly have been made, by the prosecutor or prisoner, from the sentence or jurisdiction of a regimental to a general court-martial. At present no soldier has a right to appeal, except in cases where his immediate subsistence is concerned.

APPEL, Fr. a roll call; a beat of drum for assembling; a challenge.

APPEL, in fencing, a smart beat with your blade on that of your antagonist on the contrary side to that you have engaged, generally accompanied with a stamp of the foot, and used for the purpose of procuring an opening.

APPOINTÉ. This word was applicable to French soldiers only, during the monarchy of France, and meant a man who for his long service and extraordinary bravery received more than common pay. There were likewise instances in which officers were distinguished by being stiled officiers appointés. They were usually rewarded by the king.

The word appointé was originally derived from it being said, that a soldier was appointed among those who were to do some singular act of courage, as by going upon a forlorn hope, &c. &c.

APPOINTMENT, in a military sense, is the pay of the army; it likewise

applies to warlike habiliments, accoutrements, &c.

APPREHEND, in a military sense, implies the seizing or confining of any person. According to the articles of war, every person who apprehends a deserter, and attests the fact duly before a magistrate, is entitled to receive twenty shillings.

APPROACHES. All the works are generally so called that are carried on towards a place which is besieged; such as the first, second, and third parallels, the trenches, epaulments with and without trenches, redoubts, places of arms, saps, galleries, and lodgments. See these words more particularly under the head FORTIFICATION.

This is the most difficult part of a siege, and where most lives are lost. The ground is disputed inch by inch, and neither gained nor maintained without the loss of men. It is of the utmost importance to make your approaches with great caution, and to secure them as much as possible, that you may not throw away the lives of your soldiers. The besieged neglect nothing to hinder the approaches; the besiegers do every thing to carry them on; and on this depends the taking or defending of the place.

The trenches being carried to their glacis, you attack and make yourself master of their covered way, establish a lodgment on the counterscarp, and effect a breach by the sap, or by mines with several chambers, which blow up their intrenchments and fougades, or small mines, if they have any.

You cover yourselves with gabions, fascines, barrels, or sacks; and if these are wanting, you sink a trench.

You open the counterscarp by saps to make yourself master of it; but, before you open it, you must mine the flanks that defend it. The best attack of the place is the face of the bastion, when by its regularity it permits regular approaches and attacks according to art. If the place be irregular, you must not observe regular approaches, but proceed according to the irregularity of it; observing to humour the ground, which permits you to attack it in such a manner at one place, as would be useless or dangerous at another; so that the engineer who directs the attack ought exactly

to know the part he would attack, its proportions, its force and solidity, in the most geometrical manner.

APPROACHES, in a more confined sense, signify attacks.

Counter APPROACHES, are such trenches as are carried on by the besieged, against those of the besiegers.

APPRENTI, Fr. Apprentice.

In France they had apprentices or soldiers among the artillery, who served for less pay than the regular artillery men, until they became perfect in their profession; when they were admitted to such vacancies as occurred in their respective branches.

APRON, in gunnery, a square plate of lead that covers the vent of a cannon to keep the charge dry, and the vent clean and open.

Their dimensions are as follow, viz. for a 42, 32, and a 24 pounder, 15 inches by 13; for an 18, 12, and a 9 pounder, 12 inches by 10; for a 6, 51, 3, and 11 pounder, 10 inches by 8. They are tied fast by two strings of white marline, the length of which, for a 42 to a 12 pounder inclusive, is 18 feet, 9 feet each string; for a 9 to a 14 pounder, 12 feet, 6 feet for each.

APPUL-Point d'appui, Fr. any particular given point or body, upon which troops are formed, or by which they are marched in line or column.

Aller à l'APPUI, Fr. to go to the assistance of any body, to second, to back. Hauteur d'APPUI, Fr. breast-height.

AQUEDUCT, a channel to convey water from one place to another. Aqueducts, in military architecture, are generally made to bring water from a spring or river to a fortress, &c. they are likewise used to carry canals over low grounds, and over brooks or small rivers: they are built with arches like a bridge, only not so wide, and are covered above by an arch, to prevent dust or dirt from being thrown into the water. See Muller's Practical Fortification.

The Romans had aqueducts which extended 100 miles. That of Louis XIV. near Maintenon, which carries the river Bute to Versailles, is 7000 toises long. ARAIGNÉE, Fr. in fortification. See GALLERY.

ARBALET, in the ancient art of war, a cross-bow, made of steel, set in a shaft of wood, with a string and trigger, bent

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gratare, or passage.

Tramphal ARCH, in military history, sa stately erection generally of a semicar form, adorned with sculpture, inscriptions, &c. in honour of those heres who have deserved a triumph. For a very able Treatise on Arches see Mr. Awood's late publication; and under FARABOLA SEE Parabolic Arches.

ARCHERS, in military history, a Ad of militia or soldiery, armed with Sows and arrows. They were much ed in former times, but are now laid de, excepting in Turkey, and in some of the eastern countries.

ARCHERY, the art of shooting with abow and arrow. Our ancestors were As for being the best archers in Eu"or, and most of our victories in France re the purchase of the long-bow. The atutes made in 33 Hen. VIII. relative ths exercise, are worth perusal. It forbidden, by statute, to shoot at a Fading mark, unless it be for a rover, where the archer is to change his mark

every shot. Any person above 24 vars old is also forbidden to shoot with prick-shaft, or flight, at a mark of the score yards or under. 33 Hen. II. chap. 9. The former was a pro

for making good marksmen at g; the latter for giving strength and

ARCHITECTURE, in a military , is the art of erecting all kinds of tary edifices or buildings, whether habitation or defence.

sea-ports, camps, building powder ma gazines, barracks, &c. Military architecture is divided into regular and irre gular fortification.

Regular fortification consists in having all its sides and angles equal among themselves.

Irregular fortification is composed of parts where the sides and angles are not equal or uniform among themselves. This species of fortification is permanent or temporary.

The permanent one is constructed for the purpose of remaining a long time, and for the protection of large towns.

The temporary one is that which is erected in cases of emergency. Under this denomination are contained all sorts of works which are thrown up to seize a pass or gain an eminence, or those which are made in circumvallations and counter-vallations, viz. redoubts, trenches, and batteries. See FORTIFICATION.

Naval ARCHITECTURE, the art of building the hull or body of the ship, distinct from her machinery and furniture for sailing, and may properly be comprehended in three príncipal articles. 1. To give the ship such a figure, or outward form, as may be most suitable to the service for which she is intended. 2. To find the exact shape of the pieces of timber necessary to compose such a fabrick. 3. To make convenient apartments for the artillery, ammunition, provisions, and cargo, together with suitable accommodations for the officers and men.

ARCHITRAVE, the master-beam, or chief supporter, in any part of a subterterraneous fortification.

AREA, the superficial content of any rampart, or other work of a fortification. ARIGOT, Fr. a fife or flute.

ARM, in geography, denotes a branch of the sea, or of a river.

ARM is also used figuratively to denote power.

To ARM, to take arms, to be provided against an enemy.

ARMADA, a Spanish term, signifying a fleet of men of war, applied particularly to that great one fitted out by the Spaniards, with an intention to conquer this island in 1588, and which was defeated by the English fleet, under admirals Lord Howard and Sir Francis

Maitary ARCHITECTURE, instructs 4a the method of fortifying cities, || Drake.

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