ven, ars of mathematics necessary to hem for the service of the arLand the business of engineers. Ta ectares of the masters in theory were then duly attended by the pracin een meers, officers, serjeants, animate the combatants during the engagement. ACCENSI, in antiquity, were officers attending the Roman magistrates; their business was to summon the people to the public games, and to assist the prætor when he sat on the bench. praia, private men, and cadets. At present the gentlemen educated at this acade at are the sons of the nobility and tary oficers. They are called gen-adjutants appointed by the tribune to ACCENSI, in military antiquity, was also an appellation given to a kind of tre cadets, and are not admitted un14, and not above 16 years of age. The are taught writing, arithmetic, al, Latin, French, mathematics, meGates, surveying, levelling, and fortifirat, together with the attack and defeare; gunnery, mining, laboratory graphy, perspective, fencing, aug.ac. The master-general of the ace is always captain of the comDy of gentlemen cadets, and some ofof merit is always captain-lieutesant. There is, besides, a first lieuteza", and two second lieutenants. They further under the immediate care of a beutenant-governor, and an inspector, who are othcers of great abilities and experience; and the professors and masters are men of known talents and ty. That at Portsmouth was Faded by George I. in 1722, for teachof the branches of the mathemawhich more immediately relate to cation. assist each centurion and decurion. According to Festus, they were supernumerary soldiers, whose duty it was to attend their leaders, and supply the places of those who were either killed or wounded. Livy mentions them as irregular troops, but little esteemed. Salmasius tells us, they were taken out of the fifth class of the poor citizens of Rome. ACCESSIBLE, (accessible, Fr.) that which may be approached. We say, in a military stile, that place, or that fortress, is accessible from the sea, or land, i. e. it may be entered on those sides. ACCLAMATIONS, Fr. shouts of joy, &c. usually given by troops under arms, admidst the discharge of cannon, &c. on the surrender of a place; or in testimony of some great event: we use the term cheers. ACCLIVITY, in a military sense, is the steepness or slope of any work, inclined to the horizon, reckoned upwards. Some writers on fortification use AUANZI, in military history, the e of the Turkish light-horse that the van-guard of the Grand Sig-acclivity as synonymous to talus; though L's army on a march. ACCELERATED Motion on oblique #wined planes. See MOTION. ATLERATED Motion of Pendulums. See PENDULUMS. talus is commonly used to denote all manner of slopes, either in its ascendant or descendant state. ACCONTIUM, in ancient military writers, a kind of Grecian dart or jave ACELERATED Motion of Projectiles.lin, somewhat resembling the Roman See PROJECTILES. ACLLERER une Siege, Fr. to carry the beach under the main body of a fortipiace, in order to take it by a prompt ALLERER une Marche, Fr. to make extraordinary exertions in advancing st an enemy with rapidity; to make a forced march. ACCENDONES, in military antity, a kind of gladiators, or supernuraries, whose office was to excite and pilum. ACCOUTREMENTS, in a military sense, signify habits, equipage, or fur niture, of a soldier, such as buffs, belts, pouches, cartridge-boxes, &c. Accoutrements should be made of stout,smooth buff, as well for the service to be expected from them, as for their superior look above the spongy kind, which is always stretching, and difficult to clean. The buff belts are about 24 inches broad, with two buckles to fix them to the pouch. Pouches are made of the stoutest blackened calf-skin, especially the outA 2 side side flaps, which are of such a substance as to turn the severest rain. Cartridgeboxes are made as light as possible, with 36 holes in each, to hold so many cartridges. The bayonet-belt is also 24 inches broad, and better worn over the shoulder than about the waist. ACCULER une armée une troupe, Fr. to drive an army or body of men into such a situation that they must either fight or surrender. ACHARNEMENT, Fr. the rage and frenzy to which soldiers are subjected in the heat of an engagement; a thirst for blood and carnage. ACOLUTHI, in military antiquity, was a title in the Grecian empire, given to the captain or commander of the varangi, or body guards, appointed for the security of the emperor's palace. ACTIAN games, in antiquity, were games instituted, or at least restored, by Augustus, in memory of the famous victory, at Actium, over Mark Anthony.. ADIT, a passage under ground, by which miners approach the part they intend to sap. See GALLERY. ADJUTANT-GENERAL, an offi ACLIDES, in Roman antiquity, a kind of missive weapon, with a thongcer of distinction, who aids and assists fixed to it, whereby it might be drawn the general in his laborious duty: he back again. Most authors describe the forms the several details of duty of the aclides as a sort of dart or javelin; but army, with the brigade majors, and Scaliger makes it somewhat of a keeps an exact state of each brigade and round and globular shape, with a wooden regiment, with a roll of the lieutenantstem to poise it by. generals, major-generals, colonels, lieutenant-colonels, and majors. He every day at head quarters receives orders from the general officer of the day, and distributes them to the majors of brigades, from whom he receives the number of men they are to furnish for the duty of the army, and informs them of any detail which may con cern them. On marching days he accompanies the general to the ground of the camp. He makes a daily report of the situation of all the posts placed for the safety of the army, and of any changes made in their posts. In a day of battle the adjutantgeneral sees the infantry drawn up, after which he places himself by the general to receive orders. In a siege he visits the several posts and guards of the trenches, and reports their situation, and how circumstanced: he gives and signs all orders for skirmishing parties (if time permit) and has a serjeant from each brigade to carry any orders which he may have to send. ACTIAN years, in chronology, a series of years, commencing with the epocha of the battle of Actium, otherwise called the era of Augustus. ACTION, action, Fr. in the military art, is an engagement between two armies, or any smaller body of troops, or between different bodies belonging thereto. The word is likewise used to signify some memorable act done by an officer, soldier, detachment, or party. ACTIVITÉ, Fr. See ACTIVITY. Etré en ACTIVITE, Fr. to be in force, or have existence, as a law, rule, or order. tivité. Cette ordonnance est en acti ACTIVITY, in a military sense, denotes laboriousness, attention, labour, diligence, and study. ACTS of Hostility, Actes d'Hostilités, F. Certain ouvert acts by sea or land, which tend to a declaration of war between two countries; or to a renewal of it, after a truce had been agreed upon. ACUTE angle. See ANGLE. ADJUTANT, an officer who eases the major of part of the burthen of his duty, and performs it in his absence. He receives orders from the brigade major, if in camp; and when in garrison, from the town major: after he has carried them to his colonel or officer commanding the regiment, he then assembles the serjeant major, drum-major, and fife major, with a serjeant and corporal of each company, who write the orders to shew ADVANCE. See PAY in Advance. ADVANCED signifies some part of army in front of the rest, as in adcards, which always precede meme of march or operations of a body ut troops; again, as when a bat , or guns of a second line are brought up in front and before the first e. This term also applies to the proas of officers and soldiers. Fossé See FORTIFIADVANCED Ditch S } CATION. Guard. See GUARD. ADVANCEMENT, in a military ense, sigmites honour, promotion, or prent, in an army, regiment, or ADVANTAGE Ground, a ground Daves superiority, or an opportunity orance or resistance. ADVICE Boat, a vessel employed fur trigence. AFFAMER une armée, Fr. to prevent an army from receiving provisions, &c. and thereby starve it out. AFFAMER une place, Fr. to besiege a place so closely as to starve the garrison and inhabitants. SEE BLOCKADE. AFFIDAVIT, in military law, signifies an oath taken before some person who is properly authorized to administer it; as first, when a soldier is enlisted, when it is stiled an attestation; secondly, by all officers appointed for a courtmartial; thirdly, by the commissaries, or muster-masters, &c. AFFIDÉ, Fr. a man that is trusted; one in the confidence of another. AFFOIBLIR, Fr. to weaken; hence affoiblir un ennemi, to weaken enemy. an AFFRONTER les perils, Fr. to face all dangers; not to be intimidated by the sword, ball, or even death itself. S'AFFRONTER, Fr. to engage one another rudely; les deux armées s'affrontèrent, the two armies came to close action, and fought hand to hand. AFFRONTER, Fr. to encounter or attack boldly. AFFUT, the French name for a gun carriage, and for which we have no proper name; the only distinction from all other carriages is, that it belongs to a gun. SEE CARRIAGE. AGA, in the Turkish army, is the same as a general with us. AGE. A young man must be 14 years old before he can become an officer in the line, or be entered as a cadet at Woolwich. Persons may be enlisted for soldiers from 17 to 45. After the latter age, every inhabitant is exempted from serv ADVOCATE General. See JUDGE Hata ENFATORES, in military anti-ing in the British militia. , the musicians in an army; inthose who sounded the trumpehus, litui, buccinæ, &c. AFFAIR, in the military acceptation of the word, means any action or enpement. By a late regulation, growing boys may be enlisted under 16 years of age. These recruits are chiefly intended for the East-India service. The Romans were obliged to enter themselves in the army at the age of 17 AFFAIR of Honour, à duel. years; at 45 they might demand their AFFAIRE de poste, Fr. any engage-dismission. Amongst the Lombards, the test fought by an army for the purpose age of entry was between 18 and 19; of securing some object of importance; among the Saxons, at 13. atheter of a country, &c. AFFAISSEMENT d'un ouvrage de ration, Fr. the sinking or lowering any part of a fortification, either rough time, or by pressure, &c, AGEMA, in the ancient military art, a kind of soldiery chiefly in the Macedonian armies. The word is Greek, and literally denotes vehemence, to express the strength and eagerness of this corps, corps. Some authors will have agema to denote a certain number of picked men, answering to a legion among the Romans. AGENCY, a certain proportion of money which is ordered to be subtracted from all the pay and allowances of the British army, for transacting the business of the several regiments composing it. AGENDA, Fr. a term used among the French, signifying a minute detail of every thing that is required in the interior œconomy of a regiment, troop, or company. AGENT, a person in the civil department of the army, between the paymaster-general and the paymaster of the regiment, through whom every regimental concern of a pecuniary nature must be transacted. He gives security to government for all monies which may pass through his hands in the capacity of an Agent-and by the Mutiny Act it is provided, That if an Agent shall withhold the Pay of Officers or Soldiers for the Space of one Month, he shall be dismissed from his Office, and forfeit 100/. (39th Geo. III. Sect. 69.). AGENT, Fr. the person who is intrusted with the interior œconomy of a regiment, troop, or company. AGGER, in ancient military writers, denotes the middle part of a military road, raised into a ridge, with a gentle slope on each side, to make a drain for the water, and keep the way dry. AGGER is also used for the whole road, or military way. Where highways were to be made in low grounds, as between two hills, the Romans used to raise them above the adjacent land, so as to make them of a level with the hills. These banks they called aggeres. Bergier mentions several in the Gallia Belgica, which were thus raised 10, 15, or 20 feet above ground, and 5 or 6 leagues long. They are sometimes called aggeres calceati, or causeways, as with us. AGGER, also, denotes a work of fortification, used both for the defence and the attack of towns, camps, &c. in which sense agger is the same with what was otherwise called vallum, and in later times, agestum; and ainong the moderns, lines; sometimes, cavaliers, terrasses, &c. || The agger was usually a bank, or elevation of earth, or other matter, bound and supported with timber; having sometimes turrets on the top, wherein the workmen, engineers, and soldiery, were placed. It was also accompanied with a ditch, which served as its chief defence. The height of the agger was frequently equal to that of the wall of the place. Cæsar tells us of one he made, which was 30 feet high, and 330 feet broad. Besides the use of aggers before towns, they generally used to fortify their camps with the same, for want of which precaution, divers armies have been surprised and ruined. There were vast aggers made in towns and places on the sea-side, fortified with towers, castles, &c. Those made by Casar and Pompey, at Brundusium, are famous. Sometimes aggers were even built across arms of the sea, lakes, and morasses; as was done by Alexander before Tyre, and by M. Antony and Cassius. The wall of Severus, in the north of England, may be considered as a grand agger, to which belong several lesser ones. Besides, the principal agger or vallum, on the brink of the ditch, Mr. Horsley describes another on the south side of the former, about 5 paces distant from it, which he calls the south agger; and another larger one, on the north side of the ditch, called the north agger. This latter he conjectures to have served as a military way; the former, probably, was made for the inner defence, in case the enemy should beat them from any part of the principal vallum, or to protect the soldiers against any sudden attack from the provincial Britons. AGGER Tarquinii, was a famous fence built by Tarquinius Superbus, on the east side of Rome, to stop the incursions of the Latins, and other enemies, whereby the city might be invested. AGGER is also used for the earth dug out of a ditch or trench, and thrown up on the brink of it: in which sense, the Chevalier Folard thinks the word to be understood, when used in the plural number, since we can hardly suppose they would raise a number of cavaliers AGITATOR Affidé, Fr. a person in conádence of a superior, who mixes has fellow subjects or comrades, nd discusses various matters for the pose of discovering their views and ment of powder, as in a mine; or to mine a rock, so as to excavate and make roads. AILE, Fr. a wing or flank of an army or fortification. AIM, the act of bringing the musquet, piece of ordnance, or any other missive weapon, to its proper line of direction with the object intended to be struck. AIM-FRONTLET, a piece of wood hollowed out to fit the muzzle of a gun, to make it of an equal height with the breech, formerly made use of by the gunners, to level and direct their pieces. It is not used at present. AIR-GUN, a pneumatic machine for rapies. This character was first cre-exploding bullets, &c. with great vioand by Oliver Cromwell; and a similar lence. exists at this moment among the Frach, in order to preserve the miliby ascendancy of Bonaparte. AGUERRI, Fr. an officer or soldier Experienced in war; a veteran. The common air-gun is made of brass, and has two barrels: the inside barrel is of a small bore, from whence the bullets are exploded; and a large barrel on the outside of it. There is likewise AIDE-DE-CAMP, an officer ap- a syringe fixed in the stock of the gun, pated to attend a general officer, in the by which the air is injected into the ed, in winter quarters, and in garri-cavity between the two barrels through ; he receives and carries the orders, a valve. The ball is put down into its l occasion requires. He is seldom un- place in the small barrel with the ramder the degree of a captain, and all aids-mer, as in any other gun. Another have 10s. a day allowed for valve, being opened by the trigger, perty. This employment is of greater mits the air to come behind the bullet, ance than is generally believed: so as to drive it out with great force. 4, however, often entrusted to young If this valve be opened and shut sudoters of little experience, and of as denly, one charge of condensed air may are capacity; but in most foreign ser- be sufficient for several discharges of es they give great attention to this bullets; but if the whole air be disace. Marshal de Puyssegur men- charged on one single bullet, it will twas the loss of a battle through the drive it out with uncommon force. This apcity of an aide-de-camp. The discharge is effected by means of a lock ng may appoint for himself as many placed here, as usual in other guns; pases, which appointment gives for the trigger being pulled, the cock the rank of colonel in the army. Ge- will go down and drive the lever, which seras, being field marshals, have four, will open the valve, and let in the air venant generals two, major generals upon the bullet: but as the expansive , and brigadier generals one brigade power of the condensed air diminishes at each discharge, its force is not deAIDE du Parc des Vivres, Fr. an of- termined with sufficient precision for fer a France, acting immediately un- the purposes of war. Hence it has been der the commissary of stores and pro-long out of use among military men. 新記 AID-MAJOR. See ADJUTANT. AIGREMORE, a term used by the titers in the laboratory, to express Se charcoal in a state fitted for the Tak of powder. AIGUILLE, an instrument used by " to pierce a rock for the lodge In the air-gun, and all other cases where the air is required to be condensed to a very great degree, it will be neces sary to have the syringe of a small bore, viz. not exceeding half an inch in diameter; because the pressure against every square inch is about 15 pounds, and therefore against every circular inch about |