Te e instruction is not elementary, or Even apon first principles only. The tention of the officers is directed to beer branches, and the lessons they rive are exemplific by practice in deed; by taking ground, &c. The particular and more immediate es appertaining to the general staff, @wach the faculties of the mind are procally applied, consist in taking dail, or at sight) military survers of ground without any mechanical press or aid of instruments; and to s the same on paper with the ost ccurate perspicuity. It is therefore necessary, that the of rey of the senior department should e to judge of the advantages and stages of ground relative to offenre and defensive operations; to employ peretrica, and trigonometrical operata on the ground; to chuse the te or position of entrenchments and barnes, by which every part of a Cap may be defended, and its leading aves, &c. be secured against the phaty of surprize. They must rwise be masters of a theory that be adapted to every case in thfield fortification can be emed, to trace camps on the ground, da prick out the lines of entrenchsc, with dispatch and accuracy, formity to the strict rules of casteration: to be thoroughly conver the theory of camp out-duties, the grand guards of armics: to how to reconnoitre ground for a gamber of columns moving in march, and to place or distribe the same with attention to the Cerences of forage and water, and the security of the magazines. To reconnoitre the route of a column ferng, to estimate the labour of pag the several communications, to ariate the number of artificers that site, and the time that is neto clear the route for the march a column, and to detail the same in accurate manner upon paper. To reconnoitre the route of a column a retreat, specifying in a clear and et manner upon paper, the several * in retreat that are favourable to arn composing the rear guard, they may halt, and act as coverparties to the retiring column. To reconnoitre and take up ground for a given number of troops on a defensive position, and to place the same; to establish a chain of posts, to construct batteries, throw up abatis, and other means of defence, adapted to the particular circumstances of the ground made choice of for the position. To reconnoitre the ground upon which any given number of troops might be encamped under circumstances of ag gression. In taking this position for the purpose of acting offensively, particular attention must be paid to the future movements of the army, by providing the readiest means of directing and supporting its operations. Marches and movements constitute so essential a branch of military tactics, that on them almost wholly depends the issue || of a campaign. It is consequently expected, that every officer belonging to the senior department, should be able to calculate the march of a column under all the various and desultory circum stances which attend the movements of troops. He must accurately ascer tain the ground, the defiles, the width of roads, obstacles, &c. and the length of the several columns. The hours occupied in marching, in defiling, passing obstacles, &c. must come withi in this calculation. It must be remarked, that this is a route of march which has in view only to convey a body of troops from one position to another, without being connected with military operations relative to the enemy. To calculate the march of several columns with respect to each other. To reconnoitre routes for the march of several columns in advancing; to form the columns of march so as to correspond with the field of battle which they are to occupy, and to point out the routes by which they are severally to arrive. The remark which we have already made applies to this part likewise. To regulate an order of march, and to ascertain the arrival of several columns on the field, with regard to the appropriate manner of deploying, and their relative dispositions, whether with a view to their encamping, or to forming in order of battle. To reconnoitre routes for the march of of several columns in retreat, for the purpose of forming columns of march according to the circumstances of the retreat, and in conformity to the ground to which they retire. are N. B. It will be observed, that this and the following movements marches made relative to a plan of operation. To regulate the retreat and relative support of the rear guards attached to the several columns. To estimate the resources of a country, in a green and dry forage, in cattle, grain, horses and carriages, together with the population. To draw out plans of resources, general plans of operations and subordi- || nate ones of position, and cantonments. According to the season of the year, and the state of the weather, officers are employed in acquiring the theory, or applying in practice on the ground, the several points of instruction to which their attention has been directed. It is required of them, individually, to reconnoitre a given tract or line of country. The military positions they take up, as well as the disposition they make of troops, whether in camp or in order of march, are invariably represented by plans in drawing, and all instruction is exemplified by applications which are made in the field, and are adapted to the local circumstances of ground. In order to render the different lessons familiar to the mind, and to make them practically easy, imaginary marches are made from one supposed camp to another, and the various orders which relate to the movements of troops are given out and explained, as if they were to be actually carried into effect. Points of attack or defence are taken up, ambuscades are laid, and all the chicane of what the French so justly call la petite guerre, is entered into with as much promptitude and caution, as if the enemy were in the neighbourhood of the college. The manœuvres of light troops are particularly practised; and the different instructions which have been published in French on that branch of military tactics by Mons. Jarry are practically taught, as time and circumstances permit. The elements of field fortification, and the higher branches of attack and defence, are not only inculcated with the greatest perspicuity, but they are reduced to practice by imaginary lines of circumvallation and contravallation; by posts and positions suddenly taken, and quickly fortified; whilst the manifold feints and stratagems of war which have been practised by the best generals, are locally attempted, for the double purpose of applying practice to established facts, and of seizing some new idea that may grow out of ancient practice. In order to add practical knowledge to theory, and to adapt the observations of established military writers to local experience, every survey or reconnoitring of country, for the retreat or advance of columns; for offensive or defensive positions; for encampments, or the construction and erection of batteries, &c. is made upon spots that are actually in the neighbourhood of the establishment; and every object of instruction is applied to the local circumstance of the ground as it actually exists. It is required, that plans of these different surveys, &c. should at all times accompany, and be given in, with the lesson of instruction. Officers of the senior department must not only be well acquainted with these particulars, but they must further know how to regulate the cantonments of an army. Whenever an officer has completed his studies, he is reported to the commander in chief, as having qualified himself for the quarter-master general's department; he then returns to his regiment, (having had his name previously registered at the college) in order that he may be employed on the general staff of the army, when his services are required. When an officer wishes to be admitted to the Military College, his application must be addressed to the commander in chief, for the time being, through the medium of the colonel or commanding officer of his regiment, who sends it, under cover, to the official or public secretary at the HorseGuards, with his own certificate of the good conduct of the applicant. When an officer, thus admitted, is found deficient in any of the branches of of elementary knowledge, which he is expected to have acquired previous to bus entrance into the senior depart-science of military manœuvre, with geography and history, as well as with the German and French languages. Professors and masters are appointed to teach the Hindoo and Persian tongues, as being immediately necessary to the service of India. Masters are likewise provided to instruct cadets in the geography of India, and to make them familiarly acquainted with the local knowledge of the settlement for which they are severally intended. spective. They are also made acquainted with the first rudiments of war, the ment, he may have the advantage of instruction from the professors and masters of the junior department. It would, however, be more gratifying to ali parties, were such officers to qualify themselves before they quit their corps. The same allowances which are established for troops in barracks, are made to officers who attend the instructions of the senior department. Every officer admitted to this department is required to have a horse to attend his duty in the field, and regular rations of forage, &c. are issued to him for his keep. The officers of the senior department mess together, and their table is repulated by specific statutes of the lege. The Directors of Instruction are made particularly responsible for the proper management of the studies, and different elementary branches which constitute an essential part of the establishment. The professors and masters are emcol-ployed generally to instruct in both departments, under the controul of the chief director. Junior department. This department is calculated to receive three hundred students from the age of fourteen to sixteen. Fifty out of this number may be cadets of the Hon. East India company's service; one hundred the sons of noblemen and rentlemen who are intended for the army; one hundred the sons of officers actually in the service; and fifty the sons of officers who have died, or have been disabled, in his Majesty's service, and are left in pecuniary distress. The students are formed into four Companies; and proper persons are appointed for their care and superintendance. They are to wear an established uniform, and to be conducted as a military body; regard being had to their youth, and certain instructions adopted for its The whole establishment, which has military knowledge and improvement for its basis, is conducted upon strict military principles, and in scrupulous conformity to the rules and discipline which are issued by authority for the government of the army at large. A sufficient number of masters are constantly resident in the college, for the instruction of such students as may wish to coutinue their classical studies. Frequent lessons are given them on moral and natural philosophy. They are likewise taught riding, swimming, fencing, and the sabre and sword exercise. The instruction of the department is divided into two parts, forming a junior and senior division of study. Public examinations are held in this department, in order to remove students from the lower to the higher division of study; and also for the purpose of granting certificates to such as are qualified to act as commissiofied officers in the service, at an age under what is required by the present regulations of the army. From this department students will join the regiments into which they seve rally enter; and after having obtained some experience, by going through the different duties of a regimental officer, they will be qualified to return to the College, and to enter into the senior departe department, if they are disposed to study the service of the general staff. The public examinations are held in presence of one or more visitors or inspectors, nominated by the Commander in Chief; and it is required, that they should be members of the Supreme Board of the College. The expence attending the education of a young gentleman in this department, is according to the foundation on which he is admitted to the College. The sons of noblemen and gentlemen pay 801. per annum. The sons of officers in the King's service, pay 401. per annum; and orphans, who are the sons of officers that have died in the service, or the sons of those that have been disabled and are straitened in circumstances, are educated, clothed, and maintained free of all expence. The board, clothing, and accommódation, are included in the several sums above specified. There are two vacations in the course of twelve months, viz.-At Christmas and Midsummer, for a term not exceeding one month each vacation. The administration of the funds of the establishment, is under the direction of the Collegiate Board. Two honorary members. The Cominandant of the Senior Department. These are the members of the Supreme Board; and such others may, from time to time be named, as his Majesty shall think fit. A Secretary to the Supreme Board.. COLLEGE Royale Militaire, Fr. a general term used among the French to express the place where military instruction was given during their Monarchy. This establishment consisted of several colleges, which were subordinate to the Royal Military School, or Ecole Royale Militaire, of Paris. On the 28th of March, 1776, the French King gave directions, that ten colleges should be established, over the gates of each of which was writtenCOLLEGE Royale Militaire; Royal Military College. These colleges were under the immediate care and instruction of the Benedictine Monks, and other religious orders; the most enlightened of which was that of the Jesuits. tary School in Paris. Great attention has been given to this establishment by Bonaparte since his accession to the Imperial dignity. For particulars respecting the old institution, see the article Royal Military SCHOOL. The secretary of state held the same jurisdiction over these colleges that he The accounts are balanced at the ex-possessed over La Fleche and the Milipiration of six months in every year, and are laid before the Supreme Board; at which periods, reports of progress made in the several branches of literature and technical science, and of the public examinations, are made before the committee. These documents, accompanied by well digested remarks and seasonable suggestions, for the preservation of good order, &c. and the improvement of the institution, are laid before his Majesty, by the Commander in Chief, as President and Governor of the College. The Supreme Board of the College is composed in the following manner; The Commander in Chief for the time being, President. The Secretary at War. A Governor. COLLET, Fr. That part of a cannon which is between the astragal and the muzzle. COLONEL, the commander in chief of a regiment, whether of horse, foot, dragoons, or artillery, in England: but in France, Spain, and some other southern nations, the colonels of horse are called Maitres de Camp; in Germany, and most northern nations, they are called Ritmeesters. Colonels of horse take place, and command one another according to the dates of their com missions, and not in consequence of The Master-General of the Ord- the seniority of their regiments. Colo nance. The Governor of Chelsea College. The Quarter-Master-General, The Adjutant-General. nels of foot command in the same Coonel is derived from the Italians or Spa tards. Skinner supposes it may come from cony, colonia, and that the heads or ads of colonies may have given the appedation to the officers commanding reguments. In former times, officers, although at the head of considerable corps, were on.v stiled captains, but not colonels. See Dictionnaire de Trevoux, fol. edit. A question arises whether the old word Coronel might not have been de fed from the Latin Coronarius; either from some ceremony which was perfor sed upon the person receiving the rais, or from his being placed at the head, Corona, of a regiment. The former certainly appears the most probatle, as it might have had its origin from the Roman manner of rewarding a general. The Spaniards have it Coroncl; the Ilans, Collonello. We are inclined to think that it is ned from the Latin Corona, whence Lormarius; and that it came to us from the Spanish. Both the English and Scotch, but particularly the latter, proaoance the word Coronel, and so d the Irish. HOVEL of horse, who is the first cer of the regiment; hence his atten ought to be given to keeping tregiment complete, to have it composed of both men and horses fit for ervice, and to take particular care to ve them well exercised and taught The different evolutions; to be able on Locasions to form themselves accoing to the ground, or manner in ch they may attack, or be attacked. CotoNEL of foot, or infuntry. His Antous are more extensive than those at the cavalry, as the infantry are ploved to more different purposes. A onel of infantry should underend something of fortification, and be acquainted with field-engineering. le cannot be too careful to maintain on and harmony among his officers; ard, to succeed in this, he must acqure their esteem and confidence, and se himself to be respected. The trae way to succeed in this, is to keep pordination with unalterable firm- || es; to do justice to every one, to employ all his credit to procure favours to the corps in general, and to the officers in particular, without ever losing sight of the health, comfort and contentment of his men. COLONEL of dragoons is nearly con nected with that of horse, to which word we refer the reader. COLONEL of artillery. The com mander of a battalion of artillery is one of the most laborious employments both in war and peace, requiring the greatest ability, application, and experience. He is supposed to be a very able mathematician and engineer, to be thoroughly acquainted with the power of artillery, to understand the attack and defence of fortifications in all the different branches; to be able on all occasions to form the artillery according to the ground or manner in which they may attack or be attacked; in short, he should be master of every thing belonging to that important corps. COLONEL of engineers, should be a very able mathematician and mechanic, he should be master of fortification, and be correctly versed in the art of planning, constructing, attacking and defending. See ENGINEER. Lieutenant-COLONEL, is the second person in command of a regiment. Under his direction all the affairs of the regiment roll. His military qualifi cations should be adequate to the size and the importance of the corps he has the honour to serve in. COLONEL general of the French infantry. An appointment of great trust and authority, which was suppressed during the old government of France. A colonel-general was formerly entitled to the nomination of every commission and place of trust in the infantry. He could order courts-martial, and enforce the sentences awarded by them without ulterior reference; and he had a company in every regiment which was cal led the colonel-general's company. This appointment was created during the reign of Francis I. in 1544, and be came an immediate gift of the crown, under Henry III. in 1584. There was likewise a colonel-generat of the cavalry; which appointment was entrusted to two officers under the reign of Louis XIII. One commanded the French and the other the GermanTM cavalry. The 0 2 |