are for the most part no higher in anti- British army, signifying men that are quity than the conquest; or rather about dead, (since first enlisted,) that have the middle of king Stephen's reign. Cas- been discharged, or have deserted. The Les were erected in almost all parts of casuals form a separate column of themthe kingdom, by the several contending selves. The word is not strictly gramparties; and each owner of a castle was matical, since casual is an adjective a kind of petty prince, coining his own and means accidental; arising from mney, and exercising sovereign jurisdic- chance; depending on chance; not certun over his people. History informs us tain. Perhaps the word casualty, which that 1017 castles were built in this reign. | is a substantive, might have done better. CASTRAMETATION, is the art CAT o'nine tails, a whip with nine of measuring or tracing out the form of knotted cords, with which the British a camp on the ground; yet it sometimes soldiers are punished. Sometimes it has a more extensive signification, by in-has only five cords. cuding all the views and designs of a geral; the one requires only the know-tecture, a scaffold of timber, decorated kuge of a mathematician, the other the experience of an old soldier. The ancients wire accustomed to fortify their camps by throwing up entrenchments round them. The Turks, and other Asiatic nations, fortify themselves, when in an open country, with their wagons and other carriages. The practice of the Europeans is quite different; for the surety of their camp consists in the faciity and convenience of drawing out their troops at the head of their encamp t; for which reason, whatever parthular order of battle is regarded as the best disposition for fighting, it follows of course, that we should encamp in n a manner as to assemble and parade our troops in that order and disposition as soon as possible. It is therefore the order of battle that should regulate the Gruer of encampinent; that is to say, the past of each regiment in the line of bate should be at the head of its own exampment; from whence it follows, that the extent of the line of battle from raght to left of the camp should be equal to the front of the troops in line of base, with the same intervals in the camp as in the line. By this means every battalion covers its own tents, and the soldiers can all lodge themselves, ar turn out in case of necessity, at a minute's warning. If the front of the camp is greater than the line, the troops must leave large intervals, or expose their flanks; ass, the troops will not have room to form with the proper intervals. The front or principal line of the camp is commonly directed to face the *Demy. See CAMP. CASUALS. A term used in the general and regimental returns of the CATAFALCO, in military archi with sculture, painting, &c. for supporting the coffin of a deceased hero, during the funeral solemnity. CATAMARAN. A sort of floating rafter, originally used in China, and among the Portuguese as a fishing boat. The Catamarans in India consist of two logs of wood upon which the natives float, and go through the heaviest surf to carry or bring letters on shore. They were lately adopted in the expedi tion against the flotilla off Boulogne. CATAPHRACT, the old Roman term for a horseman in complete armour, CATAPHRACTA, in the ancient military art, a piece of heavy defensive armour, formed of cloth or leather, fortified with iron scales or links, wherewith sometimes only the breast, sometimes the whole body, and sometimes the horse too was covered. CATAPHRASTARII. in the Roman army. Horsemen CATAPULTA, in military antiquity, an engine contrived for throwing of arrows, darts and stones, upon the enemy. Some of these engines were so large and of such force, that they would throw stones of an hundred weight. Josephus takes notice of the surprising effects of these engines, and says, that the stones thrown out of them beat down the battlements, knocked off the angles of the towers, and had force sufficient to level a very deep file of soldiers. CATATROME. See CRANE. CATEJA. A kind of arrow formerly in use amongst the Teutonians and the Gauls, made of very heavy wood. CATELLA. A small chain which the CATER CATERVA, among ancient military writers, a term used in speaking of the Gaulish or Celtiberian armies, denoting a body of 6000 armed men. The word is also used to denote a party of soldiers in disarray; in opposition to cohort or turma, which signify in good order. CATTUS, in ancient military CATHOUSE, history, was a kind of covered shed, sometimes fixed on wheels, and similar to the Vinca and Pluteus of the ancients. CAVALCADE, in military history, implies a pompous procession of horsemen, equipages, &c. by way of parade, to grace a triumph, public entry, or the like. CAVALIER, Fr. A horseman. CAVALIER, in fortification, is a work generally raised within the body of the place, 10 or 12 feet higher than the rest of the works. Their most common situation is within the bastion, and made much in the same form: sometimes they are placed in the gorges, or on the middle of the curtain; they are then made in the form of a horse-shoe. See FORTIFICATION. Their use is to command all the adjacent works and country round about it; they are seldom, or never, made but when there is a hill or rising ground, which overlooks some of the works. Trench-CAVALIER, in the attacks, is an elevation which the besiegers make by means of earth or gabions, within half-way, or two thirds of the glacis, to discover, or to enfilade the covert way. CAVALOT, Fr. an ancient piece of ordnance about 5 French feet in length, carrying about 8 or 900 paces, and ge‐ nerally loaded with a ball of 1 pound weight, and a pound of gunpowder: CAVALQUET, Fr. A particular sound of the trumpet which is used among the French, when troops of horse come near, or pass through a town. CAVALRY, in military affairs, that body of soldiers which serves and fights on horseback: under this denomination are included. Horse, that is, regiments or troops of horse. In England there are, the horseguards, commonly called the first and second regiment of life guards; and the Oxford blues; formerly there was the royal regiment of horse-guards, which is now reduced. In Ireland there are four regiments of horseguards. The first troop of horse was raised in 1660. Dragoons, are likewise regiments of horse, but distinguished from the former by being obliged to fight both on foot and on horseback. In Englandthere is the first, or king's regiment of dragoon-guards; the second, or queen's regiment of dragoon-guards; the third, or prince of Wales's regiment of dragoon-guards. Likewise, the first, or royal regiment of dragoons; the second, or royal North British dragoons; the third, or king's own regiment of dragoons; besides the Inniskilling regiment of dragoons, queen's regiment of dragoons, prince of Wales's regiment of dragoons, with 10 more regiments of dragoons. The first regiment of dragoons was raised in 1681. Hunters. See LIGHT-HORse. Light-horse, are regiments of cavalry, mounted on light, swift horses, whose men are but small, and lightly accoutred. They were first raised in the last war, in 1757. Hussars, are properly Hungarian horse. Their uniform is a large furred cap, adorned with a cock's feather; those of the officers, either with an eagle's or a heron's; a very short waiscoat, with a pair of breeches and stockings in one; short light boots, generally of red or yellow leather; with a curious doublet, having five rows of buttons, which hang loosely on the left shoulder. Their arms are a long crooked sabre, light carbines, and pistols. Before they begin an attack, they lay themselves so flat on the necks of their horses, that it is hardly possible to discover their force; but being come within pistol-shot of the enemy, they raise themselves with surprising quickness, and fall on with such vivacity, that it is very difficult for the troops to preserve their order. When a retreat is necessary, their || horses have so much fire, and are so indefatigable, their equipage so light, and themselves such excellent horsemen, that no other cavalry can pretend to follow them; they leap over ditches, and swim over rivers, with surprising facility. Most of the German powers have troops under this name, as so has France; into which country they were originally introduced under Louis the || Altl. and were called Hungarian cavary This description of cavalry was accordingly more ancient in the French service, than that of hussars. CAVEATING, in fencing, implies a motion whereby a person in an instant brings his sword, which was preseated to one side of his adversary, to the opposite side. CAVESSON, Fr. An iron instrument fixed to the nostrils of a horse to curb, or render him manageable, through the pain it occasions. CAVIN, in military affairs, implies a natural hollow, sufficiently capacious to lodge a body of troops, and facilitate their approach to a place. If it be within musket-shot, it is a place of arms ready made, and serves for opening the trenches, free from the enemy's shot. CAVIN, Fr. In fortification, a hollow way which runs round the works of a fortified place, and which answers the purpose of a trench. CAUTION, an explanation given previous to the word of command, by which the soldiers are called to attention, that they may execute any given movement with unanimity and cor rectness. CAZEMATTE. See CASEMATE. CASEMATE, in fortification, is CAZEMATE, a certain retired place in the flank of a bastion, for the detence of the ditch, and the face of the opposite bastion; not used at pree. It also implies a well, having several subterraneous branches, which are extended when they suspect the enemy forming a mine, till they hear Le mers at work. CAZERNES, Fr. See CASERNES. CEINTURE militaire, Fr. A broad leather belt which was worn round the st, and was ornamented with gold er stiver plates. CEINTURON, Fr. Sword-belt. CELERES, the life-guards which ataded Romulus, in the infancy of Be, were so called. They were laid ne by Numa Pompilius. Celeres are properly distinguished from other troops, by being lightly armed and acteaways on foot. Hence probably the origin of running footmen, who are ty clothed and always accompany the carriages of German potentates and praces. They carry a large silver headed stick. The Celeres cannot be considered under the same head asVelites. CEMENT. See CEMENT. CENOTAPH, in military history, implies the empty tomb of a hero, or a monument erected to the honor of a person, without the body of the deceased being interred in or near it. CENTENIER, Fr. The chief, or captain of a troop or company which consists of one hundred men. CENTER, in a general sense, sigCENTRE, nifies a point equally distant from the extremities of a line, surface, or solid. CENTRE of a battalion, on parade, is the middle, where an interval is left for the colours; of an encampment, it is the main street; and on a march, is an interval for the baggage; when it is so placed. CENTRE of a bastion, is a point in the middle of the gorge of the bastion, from whence the capital line commences, and which is generally at the inner polygon of the figure. CENTRE of gravity, in military mechanics, is that point about which the several parts of a body exactly balance each other in any situation. CENTRE of a conic section, is the point where all the diameters meet. CENTRE of an ellipsis, is that point where the transverse and conjugate diameters intersect each other. CENTRE of motion, is that point which remains at rest while all the other parts of the body move about it. CENTRE of percussion, is that point in which the force of the stroke is the greatest possible. When the moving body revolves round a fixed point, the centre of percussion is the same with the centre of oscillation, and found by the same method; but when the body moves in a parallel direction, the centre of percussion is the same with the centre of gravity. CENTESIMATION, in ancient military history, a mild kind of military punishment, in cases of desertion, mutiny, and the like, when only every 100th man was executed. CENTINEL, from the guard, postis a private soldier, CENTRY, ed upon any spot of ground, to stand and watch carefully for the security of the said guard, or of any body of troops, er or post, and to prevent any surprise from the enemy. All centinels are to be very vigilant on their posts; they are not to sing, smoke, or suffer any noise to be made near them. Neither are they to sit down, lay their arms out of their hands, or sleep; but keep moving about their posts during the two hours they stand, if the weather will allow of it. No centry to move more than 50 paces to the right, and as many to the left of his post, and let the weather be ever so bad, he must not get under any other cover, but that of the centry box. No centry can be allowed to go from his post without leave from his commanding officer; and, to prevent desertion or marauding, the centries and vedettes must be charged to let no soldier pass. CENTINEL perdu, Fr. a soldier posted near an enemy in some very dangerous post, where he is in perpetual danger of being shot or taken. CENTRY-box, a sort of wooden box, or hut, to shelter the centinel from the injuries of the weather; but, in fortifications made of masonry, they are made of stone, in a circular form. CENTURION, a military officer among the ancient Romans, who commanded an hundred men. The term is now obsolete. CENTURION, Fr. See CENTENIER. CENTURY, in a military sense, means a hundred soldiers, who were employed in working the battering ram. CEPS, Fr. Stocks, fetters. It also means a trap. CEPS de Casar, Fr. Cæsar's trap. A stratagem which was used by Julius Cæsar in one of his campaigns, and was called Ceps de Casur, from the snare into which the enemy was led. Being solicitous to draw their forces towards Alexia, he made an avenue through a forest, which seemed to be the only pass through which his army could possibly move. They gave into the snare, and eagerly pursued Cæsar into the forest. The latter, however, had had the precaution to order a great number of trees on each side to be sawed within three inches of the ground, and round their several trunks there were various pieces of wood and branches, spread in such a manner, that the soldiers could not pass without being tripped up, and the road consequently choaked. CERAMICUS. A place so called in Athens, surrounded with walls, and where the tombs and statues of such men as had died in fighting for their country were to be seen. Divers inscriptions in praise of them bore testimony of their exploits. CERCLE, Grand-cercle, Fr. a form observed under the old government of France, by which it was directed, that every evening at a specific hour the serjeants and corporals of a brigade should assemble to receive orders; the former standing in front of the latter. Subsequent to the grand cercle, a smaller one was made in each regiment, when general, or regimental orders were again repeated to the serjeants of each corps, and from them com→ municated to the officers of the several companies. CERCLE, (meurtrier) Fr. A large flat piece of iron, one inch thick, which is made red hot, and thrown at the assailants. CERCLES Goudronnés, (pitched hoops. Old matches, or pieces of old cordage, dipped into pitch or tar, and made in the shape of a circle, which are placed on chafing dishes to light the garrison of a besieged town or post. CERCLES à Feux, Fr. Two, three, or four hoops tied together with wire, and all around which are fixed grenades, loaded pistol-barrels, crackers, pointed pieces of iron, &c. The whole is covered with tow and fire-work: these hoops are then driven acros the works of the besiegers: they are likewise used to oppose an assault; in which case they are called couronnes foudroyantes. ČERNER, Fr. To surround. CERNER un ouvrage de fortification une troupe, Fr. To surround any particular part of a fortification, troop, or company. CERTIFICAT, Fr. See CERTIFI CATE. CERTIFICATES, are of various kinds, as applied to officers generally, or to commissaries, commanding officers, or staff. They are testimonials bearing witness to the existence of some requisite qualification, or to the performance of some act required by the regulations recumbens of the army, and for which the officer who signs is responsible, whether be certifies for himself, or for my her officer. Military CERTIFICATES are of varidenominations, and consist chiefly ɗf the following kinds, viz. Certificate from a field officer to the emmander in chief, affirming the eligity of a young man to hold a comin his Majesty's service. See pred forms at the Military Library, Werall Certincate of the officer upon honor, der he does not exceed the regulation || in the purchase of his commission. Certificate from a general officer to and prove the losses which oflicers may sustain in the field. Certificate from colonels of regiments to the board for admission of proper eberts to the hospital at Chelsea. Certificate from a magistrate to identify the person of a recruit, and to am, that he has enlisted himself voluntary into the service: likewise, that the tiles of war have been read to Im For a specific form, see General Becautions, page 113. Certificate from regimental surgeons, whether men when they join are proper and objects to be enlisted; ditto to be discharged. Certificate of commanding officers for CHABLEAU, Fr. A middle sized rope which is used to draw the craft up a river. CHACE of a gun, the whole length of it. generally means See CANNON. CHAFFERY, that part of the foundry where the forges are placed for hammering iron into complete bars, and thereby bringing it to perfection. CHAIN for engineers, is a sort of wire chain divided into links of an equal length, made use of for setting out works on the ground, because cords are apt to shrink and give way. There are several sorts of chains made use of in mensuration; as Mr. Rathbone's, of two perches in length; others one perch long; some of 1000 feet in length; but that which is most in use amongst engineers is Mr. Gunter's, which is 4 poles long, and contains 100 links, each link being 78 inches in length. CHAIN-shot. See SHOT. CHAINE, ou enceinte, d'un fourage, Fr. A body of armed men thrown round the place where corn and hay are gathering for the use of an army, to protect the foragers against the attacks of the enemy. CHAINE de quartiers, Fr. A regular chain or communication which is kept up between towns, villages, &c. for the safety of an army. CHALLENGE, a cartel, or invitation to a duel, or other combat ; it may with propriety be called a provocation, or summons to fight, when an affront, in derogation of honor, has been of tions for a limited time. CESTUS. A thick leathern glove, enwered with lead, which the ancient gusts used in the course of their vous exercises, and especially when they fought for the prize of pugilism. The Greeks had four different sorts offered. Cestases. The first, which was called imenter, was made of the hide of an , dried but not dressed. The second ted myrmecas was covered with metal. The third, named meliques, was made CHALLENGE, is also a term applied to an objection made against any member of a court-martial, on the score of real or presumed partiality. The prisoner, however, in this case, must as |