The pail to be supported by officers of the same rank with that of the detrased: if the number cannot be Ecers next in seniority are to y the place. The order of march to be observed anitary funerais is reversed with respect to rank. For instance, if an offier is buried in a garrison town or from a cam, it is customary for the officers being to other corps to pay his reas the compliment of attendance. la wich case the youngest ensign Lares at the head immediately after tall, and the general, if there be one, 13 the rear of the commissioned officers, w take their posts in reversed order according to seniority. The battalion, trop or company follow the same rule. The expence for a regimental burial s to be charged against the captains of the respective troops or companies. For further particulars. See Reid's My Discipline. BORR, in gunnery, a round iron ring, which serves to rivet the end of Che, so as to form a round head. BURREL-shot, small bullets, nails, a1 st nes discharged from any piece of boot, 'adapted to either foot; formerly a part of the Roman dress, particularly for tragic actors on the stage. They are now much worn by the army. BUTIERE, Fr. A species of large fire-arm, which was formerly used among the French to fire point-blank. BUTIN, Fr. booty or pillage. At the beginning of the French monarchy, and for a long time after its establishment, a particular spot was marked out by the prince or general, to which all persons belonging to the victorious army were directed to bring every species of booty that might have fallen into their hands. This booty was not divided, or appropriated according to the will and pleasure of the prince or general, but was thrown into different lots, and drawn for in common. C CADENCE, in tactics, implies a very regular and uniform method of marching, by the drum and music, beating time; it may not be improperly called mathematical marching; for after the length of a step is determined, the time and distance may be found. It is by a continual practice and attention to this, that the Prussians have arrived at that point of perfection, so much admired in their evolutions. CADENCE or Cadency, in cavalry, is an equal measure or proportion, which a horse observes in all his motions. CADET, among the military, is a young gentleman, who applies himself to the study of fortification and gunnery, &c. and who sometimes serves in the army, with or without pay, 'till a vacancy happens for his promotion. There is a company of gentlemen cadets maintained maintained at Woolwich, at the King's expence, where they are taught all the sciences necessary to form a complete officer. Their number has lately been increased, and commissions are given to them when qualified. The proper signification of the word is, younger brother. See ACADEMY. CADET, Fr. differs in its signification from the term as it is used in our language. A cadet in the French service did not receive any pay, but entered as a volunteer in a troop or company, for the specific purpose of becoming master of military tactics. In the reign of Louis XIV. there were companies of Cadets. The sons of noblemen and gentlemen of fashion were received into these companies, and when reported fit to undertake a military function, were nominated cornets, sub-lieutenants or ensigns. In the reign of Louis XV. a regulation was made, by which no cadet could be admitted unless he had passed his fifteenth year and was under twenty. He was likewise obliged to prove his nobility by the testimony of four gentlemen; officers' sons, however, were admitted on proof being given, that their fathers had actually served, or had I died in the service. A chaplain was appointed to every cadet-company, whose duty it was to instruct the cadets in reading and writing. They had likewise a master in mathematics, a drawing master, a fencing master and a dancing master. ČADET, Fr. likewise means any officer that is junior to another. CEMENT, among engineers, a CEMENT, strong sort of mortar, used to bind bricks or stones together for some kind of moulding; or in cementing a block of bricks for the carving of capitals, scrolls, or the like. There are two sorts, i. e. hot cement, which is the most common, made of resin, beeswax, brick-dust, and chalk, boiled together. The bricks to be cemented with this mixture, must be made hot in the fire and rubbed to and fro after the cement is spread, in the same manner as joiners do when they glue two boards together. Cold cement, made of Cheshire cheese, milk, quick lime, and whites of eggs. This cement is less used than the former, and is accounted a secret known but to very few bricklayers. CESTUS, in military antiquity, was a large gauntlet, composed of raw hides, used by pugilists at the public games. CAGE de la Bascule, Fr. a space into which one part of the draw-bridge falls, whilst the other rises and conceals the gate. CAHUTE, Fr. a small hut or cabin which soldiers make to defend them against the inclemency of the weather. CAIC, Fr. a skiff or boat belonging to a French galley. CAIMACAN, in military history, an officer among the Turks, nearly answering to our lieutenant. CAISSE, Fr. a sort of wooden box in which the necessary charge for the explosion of a mine is deposited. CAISSE, Fr. the military chest, containing the necessary funds for the payment of a troop or company, regi ment or army. CAISSE, also signifies a drum. CAISSE, Fr. Battre la caisse is used in the French service to express the beating of a drum instead of battre le Tambour, CAISSIER, Fr. a treasurer. Any person entrusted with regimental monies. A paymaster. CAISSON, in military affairs, is a wooden frame or chest, made square, the side planks about 2 inches thick: it may be made to contain from 4 to 20 loaded shells, according to the execution they are to do, or as the ground is firmer or looser. The sides must be high enough, that when the cover is nailed on, the fuzes may not be damaged. Caissons are buried under ground at the depth of 5 or 6 feet, under some work the enemy intends to possess himself of; and when he becomes master of it, fire is put to the train conveyed through a pipe, which inflames the shells, and blows up the assailants. Sometimes a quantity of loose powder is put into the chest, on which the shells are placed, sufficient to put them in motion, and raise them above ground: at the same time that the blast of powder sets fire to the fuze in the shells, which must be calculated to burn from 1 to 24 seconds. When no powder is put under the shells, a small quantity of mealed powder must be strewed over them, 3g a communication with the sauLa order to convey the fire to the Lussox, as in some old military 5, is a covered wagon, to carry d or ammunition. Caisson, Fr. is variously used in the Ich service. Cassix des bombes, Fr. A tub which ad with loaded shells and buried re, with the ground. It is inclined a on one side, and by means of a ty of powder which is scattered on top and connected with the bottom ta saucisson, an explosion may be ced so as to throw the shells into open air towards any given point. Cs which are buried in the glacis pee great effect. Cassos pour les vivres, Fr. A large thest whose lid rises in the center somewake the capital of a pillar, in order the rain may run off. The foldanensions.might contain eight rations at least. csson or chest must be 8 French feet 4 inches long at least, 3 feet 4 eshgh from the bottom to the exDe pent of the lid, or chapiter, 2 et 6 inches from its square sides to the bottom, 2 feet 5 inches broad at 5. the cylinder of cannon, mortars, and howitzers. They resemble other compasses, except in their legs, which are arched in order that the points may touch the extremities of the arch. Το find the true diameter of a circle, they have a quadrant fastened to one leg, and passing through the other, marked with inches and parts, to express the diameter required: the length of each ruler or plate is usually between the limits of 6 inches and a foot. On these rulers are a variety of scales, tables, proportions, &c. such as are esteeined useful to be known by gunners. The following articles are on the completest gunnerscallipers, viz. 1. The measure of convex diameters in inches. 2. Of concave ditto. 3. The weight of iron shot from given diameters. 4. The weight of iron shot from given gun bores. The degrees of a semicircle. 6. The proportion of troy and avoirdupois weight. 7. The proportion of English and French feet and pounds. 8. Factors used in circular and spherical figures. 9. Tables of the specific gravity and weights of bodies. 10. Tables of the quantity of powder necessary for proof and service of brass and iron guns. 11. Rules for computing the number of shot or shells, in a finished pile. 12. Rule concerning the fall of heavy bodies. 13. Rules for raising of water. 14. Rules for firing artillery and mortars. 15. A line of inches. 16. Logarithmetic scales of numbers, sincs, versed sines and tangents. 17. A sectoral line of equal parts, or the line of lines. 18. A sectoral line of plans, and superficies. 19. A sectoral line of solids. CALIBRE, Fr. See CALIBER. CALIBRE, Fr. signifies, in a figurative sense, cast or character; as un homme de ce calibre, a man of this cast. CALIBRER, Fr. to take the measurement of the calibre of a gun. A particular instrument has been invented for this purpose. It resembles a compass with curved branches, which serve to grasp and measure a ball. CALIVER, an old terin for an arquebuse or musket. CALOTE, Fr. a species of scull-cap which officers and soldiers wear under their hats in the French cavalry, and which are proof against a sabre or I sword. sword. Calotes are usually made of iron, || wick, or dressed leather, and every officer chuses the sort he likes best. Those delivered out to the troops are made of iron. CALQUING, the art of tracing CALKING, any kind of a military drawing, &c. upon some plate, paper, &c. It is performed by covering the backside of the drawing with a black or red colour, and fixing the side so covered upon a piece of paper, waxed plate, &c. This done, every line in the drawing is to be traced over with a point, by which means all the outlines will be transferred to the paper or plate, &c. CALTROPS, in military affairs, are pieces of iron having 4 points, all disposed in a triangular form; so that 3 of them always rest upon the ground, and the 4th stands upwards in a perpendicular direction. Each point is 3 or 4 inches long. They are scattered over the ground and passages where the enemy is expected to march, especially the cavalry, in order to embarrass their progress. CAMARADE. See COMRADE. CAMION, Fr. a species of cart or dray which is drawn by two men, and serves to convey cannon-balls, &c. These carts are very useful in fortified towns. It is also called Petit Tombreau, small tumbrel. CAMISADE or CAMISADO, Fr. in military transactions, implies an attack by surprise, either during the night, or at break of day, when the enemy is supposed to be asleep or off his guard. CAMOUFLET, Fr. in war, a kind of stinking combustibles blown out of paper cases, into the miners faces, when they are at work in the galleries of the countermines. CAMOUFLET also signifies the sudden explosion of a pistol, &c. which takes place when miners encounter one another; hence donner le Camouflet, to take another by surprise or fire at him unexpectedly. The nature of the ground must also be consulted, both for defence against the enemy, and for supplies to the army. It should have a communication with that army's garrisons, and have plenty of water, forage, fuel, and either rivers, marshes, hills, or woods to cover it. An armyalways encamps fronting the enemy, and generally in two parallel lines, besides a corps de reserve, about 500 yards distant from each other; the horse and dragoons on the wings, and the foot in the centre. Where and how the train of artillery is encamped, see Park of artillery, and Encampment of a regiment of artillery, under the word ARTILLERY. Each regiment posts a subaltern's guard at 80 yards from the colours to the officer's tent, called the quarter-guard, besides a corporal's guard in the rear: and each regiment of horse or dragoons, a small guard on foot, called the standardguard, at the same distance. The grand guard of the army consists of horse, and is posted about a mile distant towards the enemy. In a siege, the camp is placed all along the line of circumvallation, or rather in the rear of the approaches, out of cannon-shot; the army faces the circumvallation, if there be any. There is one thing very essential in the establishing a camp, and which should be particularly attended to, if the enemy is near, which is, that there should not only be a commodious spot of ground at the head of the camp, where the army, in case of surprise, may in a moment be under arms, and in condition to repulse the enemy; but also a convenient field of battle at a small distance, and of a sufficient extent for them to form ad CAMP, in military affairs, is the whole extent of ground, in general, occupied by an ariny pitching its tents when in the field, and upon which all its bag-vantageously, and to move with facigage and apparatus are lodged. It is marked out by the quarter-master-general, who allots to every regiment its ground. The extent of the front of a lity. The arrangement of the tents in camp, is nearly the same all over Europe, which is to dispose them in such a man ner, ner, that the troops may form with safety || rectangle, consists in being able to draw and expedition. To answer this end, the troops are encamped in the same order as that in which they are to engage, which is by battalions and squadrons; hence, the post of each battalion and squadron in te hue of battle, must necessarily be at the head of its own encampment. Gustaras Adolphus, king of Sweden, was the first who formed encampments according to the order of battle. By this disposition, the extent of the eam from right to left, of each battalion 25-1 squadron, will be equal to the front || at each in line of battle; and consecently, the extent from right to left of the whole camp, should be equal to the frat of the whole army when drawn up ne of battle, with the same intervals berwera the several encampments of the barons and squadrons, as are in the Tere is no fixed rule for the interSome will have no intervals, some nes, and others are for intervals e to the front of the battalion or atron. The most general method is, asterval of 60 feet between each batta, and of 36 feet between each squa<- m. Hence it follows, 1st, That the front Lee of the camp must be in a direction to face the enemy; 2dly, That at the best of the encampment of each bat and squadron, there must be a the space of ground, on which they fm in line of battle; and 3dly, Tat when the space taken up by the Lvs embarrassed with woods, ditches, her obstructions, a communica4. mest be opened for the troops to Pe with case to the assistance of each The camps of the Greeks and Rowere either round, square, or oval, eer of an oblong square figure, with arp corners taken off; and to secure inst surprises, it was the precustom to surround them with cuments. The camps of the Anavons and Danes were generally as likewise those of the AngloThe camps of the ancient betons were of an oval form, composed ef stakes, earth, and stones, rudely heapedmgether: but the practice of the present times is quite different; for the city of our camps, whose form is a out the troops with ease and expedition at the head of their respective encamp ments. CAMP of a battalion of infantry, is the ground on which they pitch their tents, &c. The principal object in the arrange ment of a camp, is, that both officers and men may repair with facility and expedition to the head of the line; for which reason the tents are placed in rows perpendicular to the front of the camp, with spaces between them, called streets. The general method is, to form as many rows of tents as there are companies in the battalion; those for the private men in the front, and those for the officers in the rear. The several companies of a battalion are posted in camp, in the same manner as in the line of battle; that is, the company of grenadiers on the right, and that of light-infantry on the left; the colonel's company on the left of the grenadiers, the lieutenant-colonel's on the right of the light-infantry, the major's on the left of the colonel's, the || eldest captain's on the right of the lieutenant-colonel's; and so on from right to left, till the two youngest companies come into the centre. The battalion companies are posted two by two; that is, the tents of every two of these companies are ranged close together, to obtain, though they be fewer in number, larger and more commodious streets: the entrances of all the companies tents face the streets, except the first tent of each row belonging to the serjeants, which faces the bells of arms and front of the camp. The number of tents in each perpendicular row is regulated by the strength of the companies, and the number of men allowed to each tent, which was formerly 5 men: thence it follows, that a company of 60 men will require 12 tents, a company of 75 men 15 tents, and a company of 100 men 20 tents; but as it always happens, that some are on duty, fewer tents may serve in time of necessity. Round tents have lately been adopted, which contain a greater number of men. When the battalion is in the first line of encampment, the privies are opened in the front, and at least 150 feet beyond the quarter-guard; and when in I 2 the |