Violence Through Environmental Discrimination: Causes, Rwanda Arena, and Conflict ModelSpringer Science & Business Media, 2013 M03 9 - 321 pages Since all-out interstate wars for the time being seem to belong to the past, con flict studies focus more and more on domestic conflicts. This is a broad field, not only because the arbitrary line between war and sub-war violence disap pears and the analyst is confronted with phenomena reaching from criminal violence and clashes between communities to violent conflicts of long duration and civil wars with massacres and genocides as their characteristics. It is also because there are so many different types of conflicts to be analyzed, so many different types of behavior to be studied, whereas there is often little informa tion available on what is really going on. Against the background of internal conflicts, which tend to be as protracted as diffuse in terms of time, intensity, actors, and their goals, this study aims to follow a specific pathway through the current thicket of violent circumstances. It focuses on causation patterns by exploring the causal role of the environ mental factor in the genesis of violent conflicts occurring today and probably even more so tomorrow. This approach, which for once does not focus on a specific level of the conflict system, on one area in the conflict geography, or on a specific category of actors, analyzes causation dynamics. |
Contents
INTRODUCTION The Transformation of SocietyNature Relationship | 1 |
Historical and Contemporary Phenomena | 3 |
112 Historical Evidence | 7 |
113 Development of Maldevelopment | 9 |
114 Socioecological Heterogeneity | 11 |
12 Landscape as Threatened LifeSupport System | 14 |
121 Water as Part of the LifeSupport System | 15 |
122 Soil as Part of the LifeSupport System | 16 |
432 Trigger | 109 |
434 Channel | 110 |
435 Catalyst | 111 |
CASE STUDY Why Environmental Discrimination Caused Violence on the Mille Collines | 113 |
51 Propositions | 115 |
52 Causes and Their Roles | 117 |
Social and Environmental Discrimination | 129 |
Increasing Conflict Potential Before the Revolution of 195960 | 143 |
13 Summary and Overview | 17 |
DISCUSSION State of the Art | 21 |
21 Founex Report on Environmental Change and Underdevelopment | 22 |
22 Linkage between Environmental Change Security and Conflict | 24 |
221 Linkages between Environment and Security | 25 |
222 Discussion of the Causal Linkage | 26 |
23 Methodological Dilemmas in the Study of Causal Linkage | 30 |
232 A Conflict Story Can Be Told from Different Angles | 35 |
233 Someones Cow Ate Someone Elses Crop | 37 |
234 The Effects of Persistent Drought | 40 |
235 Causation in Complex PoliticoEcological Systems | 41 |
236 Causal Relationship Between Independent and Dependent Variable | 44 |
237 Action as a Result of Two Filters | 47 |
238 To Sort Out Causes by Attributing Specific Roles to Them | 50 |
24 Research Strategy | 52 |
CORRELATIONS Environment Maldevelopment and Violent Conflict | 55 |
31 Human Development Correlated with Violent Conflicts and Wars | 56 |
311 War Register and HDICountry Rank | 57 |
312 Interpretation of the Tables and Findings | 58 |
32 Violent Conflicts and Wars in Arid Lowlands | 64 |
33 Violent Conflicts and Wars in Mountains | 72 |
331 Cultural Aspects of Violence in Mountains and Highlands | 73 |
332 Patterns of Conflicts in Mountains | 80 |
34 Conclusions | 82 |
TYPOLOGY Types of Conflicts and the Role of the Environment | 85 |
A Phenomenon of Developing and Transitional Societies Hypothesis One | 86 |
411 Ethnopolitical CConflicts Type AI | 89 |
412 CenterPeriohery Conflicts Type AII | 91 |
413 Internal Migration Conflicts Type AIII | 92 |
414 CrossBorder Migration Conflicts Type BIV | 94 |
415 Demographically Caused Migration Conflicts Type BV | 95 |
416 International Water Conflicts Type CVI | 96 |
417 Global Environmental Conflicts Type CVII | 98 |
Conclusions | 99 |
42 Inevitable Situations and the Lack of Regulatory Mechanisms Hypothesis Two | 101 |
421 Inevitable Situations | 102 |
422 Lack of Regulatory Mechanisms | 103 |
423 Instrumentalizing the Environmental Problem | 105 |
424 Opportunities to build Up Organizations and Find Allies | 106 |
425 Context of an Ongoing Armed Conflict | 107 |
431 Reason | 108 |
Freedom from Oppression Versus Elimination | 152 |
525 Development without Democratization | 157 |
The Invasion of the FPR and the Arusha Peace Agreement | 158 |
Plane Crash and First Massacres | 162 |
MODEL Causal Relationship between Environmental Transformation and Violent Conflict | 167 |
61 Model Building and Constraints | 168 |
612 Prerequisites of a Model | 170 |
62 Propositions and Hypotheses | 175 |
63 Environmental Conflict Model | 179 |
64 Indicators | 181 |
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE Six Area Studies and Six Control Cases to Check the Model | 187 |
71 Environmental Discrimination | 189 |
712 CenterPeriphery Conflicts | 192 |
713 Internal Migration Conflicts | 193 |
714 CrossBorder Migration Conflicts | 196 |
715 Demographically Caused Conflicts | 199 |
716 International Water Conflicts | 201 |
The Cases of Mexico Botswana and South Africa | 204 |
The Cases of Mexico Botswana and South Africa | 206 |
74 Lack of Regulatory Mechanisms | 209 |
75 Population Dynamics | 211 |
76 State Instability and Poor Performance | 212 |
77 Complex External Influences | 217 |
78 What Makes a Difference? | 219 |
OUTLOOK Conflict Potential Sustainable Development and Environmental Security | 221 |
81 Multiple Causal Roles Concept | 222 |
Maldevelopment Transformation Conflict | 226 |
822 Ethnopoliticized Environmental Conflict in Rwanda Arena | 229 |
823 Population Dynamics and Migration | 231 |
824 Force or Cooperation? | 232 |
83 Sustainable Development and Environmental Security | 233 |
831 The DevelopmentSecurity Prism | 234 |
832 What Can Be Learned From the Borana Solution? | 239 |
APPENDIX Tables | 243 |
Abbreviations | 272 |
List of Tables | 274 |
List of Figures | 275 |
GLOSSARY | 277 |
287 | |
Other editions - View all
Violence Through Environmental Discrimination: Causes, Rwanda Arena, and ... Günther Baechler No preview available - 2014 |
Violence Through Environmental Discrimination: Causes, Rwanda Arena, and ... Günther Baechler No preview available - 2010 |
Common terms and phrases
action actors Africa agricultural areas arenas Bahutu Bangladesh Basin Batutsi become causal causes central century clan communities concept concerning contributed countries cultural degradation dependent drought dynamics economic ecoregions effects environment environmental conflicts environmental discrimination ethnic ethnopolitical exist fact farmers force global groups growth hand historical human identity important increased indicators induced industrial instance interests issues lack land landscape lead less lines living mainly major marginal means mechanisms migration mountain natural natural capital occur organized parties perceived percent performance political poor population poverty pressure problem production reason regional relationships relatively renewable result river role rule rural Rwanda scarcity situation social societies socioeconomic soil South structure tion traditional transformation trigger urban variable violent conflicts wars whereas World