Culture′s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across NationsSAGE Publications, 2001 M04 20 - 616 pages "An important, sophisticated and complex monograph . . . Both the theoretical analysis and the empirical findings constitute major contributions to cross-cultural value analysis and the cross-cultural study of work motivations and organizational dynamics. This book is also a valuable resource for anyone interested in a historical or anthropological approach to cross-cultural comparisons." The Second Edition of this classic work, first published in 1981 and an international best seller, explores the differences in thinking and social action that exist among members of more than 50 modern nations. Geert Hofstede argues that people carry "mental programs" which are developed in the family in early childhood and reinforced in schools and organizations, and that these programs contain components of national culture. They are expressed most clearly in the different values that predominate among people from different countries. Geert Hofstede has completely rewritten, revised and updated Culture′s Consequences for the twenty-first century, he has broadened the book′s cross-disciplinary appeal, expanded the coverage of countries examined from 40 to more than 50, reformulated his arguments and a large amount of new literature has been included. The book is structured around five major dimensions: power distance; uncertainty avoidance; individualism versus collectivism; masculinity versus femininity; and long term versus short-term orientation. |
Contents
Dimensions of Culture | |
Data Collection Treatment and Validation | |
Validation | |
Inequality and Power Distance | |
Measuring National Differences in Power Distance in | |
or Two Dimensions | |
Origins and Implications of Country Individualism Differences | |
Statistical Analysis of Data Used in This Chapter | |
Notes | |
Masculinity and Femininity | |
Validating MAS Against Data From Other Sources | |
Notes | |
LongVersus ShortTerm Orientation | |
Validating PDI Against Data From Other Sources | |
Origins and Implications of Country Power Distance Differences | |
Uncertainty Avoidance | |
Power Distance | |
Statistical Analysis of Data Used in This Chapter | |
Notes | |
Origins and Implications of Country Uncertainty Avoidance Differences | |
Statistical Analysis of Data Used in This Chapter | |
Notes | |
Individualism and Collectivism | |
Cultures in Organizations | |
Intercultural Encounters | |
Using Culture Dimension Scores in Theory and Research | |
Appendixes | |
Appendix 2 | |
Appendix 6 | |
Appendix 7 | |
References | |