RECAPITULATION. 35. THE king who succeeded Henry III. was determined and brave, and as the barons had corrected his father, so he determined to correct them. How did he do so? 36. This king conquered Wales, and tried to conquer Scotland. His armies consisted more of paid soldiers than of "vassals." How did such armies influence the feudal system? 37. What king was so foolish that the barons rose against him and put him to death? 38. What was the name of the next king? You may remember that he paid more attention to foreign wars than to his people. He conquered the French at Crescy and Poictiers. 39. What was the name of the son of this king? He died before his father. 40. What relation was Richard II. to Edward III.? What was his character? 41. The next king was a usurper; but he made good laws for the improvement of his people. What was his name? 42. You may remember how, when the kings wanted great armies, they were obliged to hire "soldiers," and that the nobles had to pay "scutage"; and that the chief business of the people's representatives in the House of Commons was to grant "supplies." What celebrated war in the time of Henry V. was thus a great pense to the people? 43. What dreadful civil war was carried on in the reign of Henry VI.? Who was Queen Margaret? 44. What cruel king succeeded Henry VI.? 45. What was the name of Edward IV.'s son? and what was his fate? 46. Richard III. was, you may remember, a wicked king, although he made some good laws. Where did he die? By thinking over these reigns, dear children, you may see something of the principle which I mentioned to you. You will see that whenever a king gained the crown unjustly the power of "the crown was thus weakened, and the people gained new privileges. You may notice, too, how the barons and the king weakened each other by these contests, and depended on the help of the people. 47. Who was the last of the exceedingly powerful barons? Tell me something of the number of his retainers, and of the quantity of food they ate. 48. What good Saxon queen built an arched bridge at Stratford? 49. Why was that place afterwards called Bow? 50. In whose reign was the first menagerie established at Woodstock? 51. Mention the six great cities which were much injured by fires in the reign of Henry I.? 52. What custom did the clergy take great dislike to in Henry I.'s reign? What did one of the clergy do with the pair of scissors he had under his robe as soon as he had finished his discourse? 53. What did the people wear in the very next reign? 54. Can you tell me anything about the marriage customs of the early Saxons? 55. In whose reign did the Flemings introduce the woollen manufacture? 56. In the reign of a certain king Windsor Castle was built; tolls were established; the first speaker of the House of Commons was appointed; and laws were made to restrain the people from extravagance in their food and clothing. In the same reign groats and half-groats were first coined, and the Flemings introduced the art of weaving cloth. In what reign did this happen? 57. Mention the ten most remarkable erections made in Edward III.'s reign? 65. Name the five other parishes in which "grammarschools" were begun in 1455. 66. What is the name of the good man who introduced printing into England? 67. Tell me the name of the German who invented printing. 68. Tell me the name of the first printing firm in the world. 69. Mention two kings who were great patrons of music. 70. I am going to talk about some remarkable people: tell me their names. A certain king was noted for his great learning. What was his name? 71. There was a queen who was present at twelve pitched battles. Her name? 72. Another queen. When her husband died, she married a Welsh gentleman named Tudor. 73. There was a man who was the king's friend until he became an archbishop; he then became the king's enemy. What was his name? 74. A certain man was the 58. What islands were then favourite of a weak king, but discovered? the barons took him prisoner, and put him to death. 59. What three celebrated mottoes were adopted, and how? 60. What celebrated man became Lord Mayor of London in Henry V.'s reign? 61. In whose reign did the celebrated John Wickliffe begin to preach? 62. What name has been given to John Wickliffe; and what were his followers called? 63. In what year did four clergymen make the first attempt at popular education? 64. Name the four parishes in which public schools were established. 75. An archbishop who led a party of barons against the king? 76. Two kings whose deaths were caused by an arrow. 77. A king who reigned 56 years? 78. What unfortunate prince was twice deprived of his right to the crown by a younger brother? 79. What did his youngest brother do to him at last? 80. How many Plantagenet kings were there? and in what battle was the last of them killed? THE ENGLISH TRAVELLER. W. Yes, we shall get over it easily. LONDON "SANITARY CONDITION," HIGHWAYS, BURIAL-GROUNDS. "MY DEAR CHILDREN,- together, made a firm hard road, "We are going to consider and were even as durable as the pavement of London. It is a blocks of granite! It was said, rather stony subject; but never too, that such beautiful and mind-it is smooth, and that is level pavement would decrease something." the wear and tear of the carriages, and would lessen the dust and noise. Very large sums of money were spent in laying down this pavement. The noise was lessened, there was less dust, and it was much better for the carriage. But, alas! before long it was discovered not to be better for the poor horses. In wet weather they slipped and stumbled, and some poor animals broke their legs. The defect could not be remedied; and the wood pavement was taken up again. It only remains now in a few places. "It is generally wide, also. The footpaths are paved with a calcareous stone; and at the edge there is a harder and rougher curb-stone of granite. Some parts of the footpaths are formed of a hard, pitchy, and gritty substance, called Asphalte. The roads in the busy places are paved with rounded blocks of granite. These are laid upon a foundation of compost, driven down level by men with heavy rammers. The poor fellows work very hard, and every time the rammer falls the man makes a sort of grunt-ugh! Other parts are covered with small broken pieces of granite, which in time are forced into the earth by the wheels of the great carts and omnibuses. When a road is made in this way, it is said to be Macadamised, because the gentleman who invented the plan is named M'Adam. 666 A few years ago some people thought they had made a wonderful discovery in paving the roads. It was found that wooden blocks, if laid close *See PLEASANT PAGES, vol. i. p. 77. 666 "I explained to you how the BURIAL-GROUNDS relate to the 'sanitary condition" of a city. An Act of Parliament was passed in 1850, forbidding burials in cities; and now the greater part of the dead are taken to large burial-grounds called cemeteries, which are in the suburbs of London. "The oldest of these places is Kensal Green Cemetery, which contains forty-eight acres of ground, and is beautifully planted with trees, shrubs, and flowers. This was opened in 1832. In 1838 Highgate Cemetery was opened; and, since then, many others have been established. Lately a very large one has been formed at Erith, in Kent. This village is "In 1800, an omnibus was many miles from London, and started; it had six horses and is situated on the banks of the four wheels, but it did not sucThames. The health of the ceed. In 1820, the people London people will be very began to think that hackneymuch improved by the removal coaches were rather large lumof the bodies. It is supposed bering things, and that perhaps that hundreds less will die one horse might manage to every year." draw a vehicle. Then was invented a tall two-wheeled conveyance-with a great hood at the top, and a perch at the side for the driver; this was called a cab. "So much,' said my friend, 'for the sanitary condition of the Londoners! The talk we have had concerning the roads and pavement reminds me of another interesting point.' "In the year 1830, it was found that omnibuses had succeeded in Paris; and a coach proprietor, named Shillibeer, started new ones in London. This time they pleased the public. At first, the fare was 1s.; then the omnibuses succeeded pretty well. The fare was afterwards reduced to 6d. ; then they succeeded better. It was next lowered to 4d. and 3d.; and then the omnibuses succeeded better still. Now, some of the omnibus fares are 1d. and 2d. per journey, and these also succeed very well; perhaps in time they will answer best of all.' "What is that!' I asked. ""The MEANS OF CONVEYANCE. In so large a city, it is not always convenient to walk; thus, the inhabitants have from the earliest times been carried in various ways. At first the principal conveyances were boats; there was much more travelling by water than by land. There were once 40,000 watermen on the Thames, who conveyed the good citizens in little wherries. The mode of travelling through the streets was at first on horseback. Nearly all the rich citizens and the courtiers had a horse: the goods were conveyed on pack-buses?' I said. horses. In 1564 the first coach appeared, and in 1634, the first hackney-coach stand was established. It consisted of four hackney-coaches, which belonged to Captain Bailey, a naval officer. They stood in the Strand, near Somerset House. In the same year, sedan-chairs were introduced. These were carried on poles by two men, one behind and the other in front. "Have you any idea how much money is spent in omni "No, indeed; I cannot tell. 'A year or two ago there were 1,000 omnibuses in and about London. The receipts of these were £2,890 per day, or £1,087,700 per annum. But in this year 1851, the amount must have been perhaps twice as much.' "Believe me, dear children, "Yours sincerely, "HENRY YOUNG." ETYMOLOGY. CHAPTER II. THE NINE CLASSES OF WORDS-PRONOUNS AND VERBS. Lesson 4. THE PRONOUNS. P. I'm very much afraid, Willie, that I am going to speak some bad grammar, for I have lost one of my "parts of speech." Listen! Papa will talk to Willie when papa knows what papa is going to talk about; but it would be foolish of papa to speak without thinking of what papa is going to say; so give papa time to arrange papa's ideas. Ion. I think papa wants time to arrange his words as well as his ideas. I can supply the parts of speech that are wanting; there are too many "papas." Here it is written properly. Papa will talk to Willie when he knows what he is going to talk about: but it would be foolish of him to speak, without thinking of what he is going to say; so give him time to arrange his ideas. It was not necessary to use the word papa more than once. The sound was unpleasant when it was repeated, so I used the words him-he-and his instead. Those are the parts of speech which papa lost. P. Yes. I am glad you have found them for me. In return, I'll do something for you; I will find you a name for them. The little Latin word pro means for; therefore these words which you may easily make the "de. finition." L. I will do it. Some words are used instead of nouns, to avoid repeating them too often. As they are used for nouns they are called PRONOUNS. Example: He-him-his. I dare say there are some more. P. Yes; find the pronouns which are wanted in the following sentences: Willie! come to papa; papa wants to speak to Willie. W. I will put it right. Willie come to me; I want to speak to you. are used for nouns are called-certainly. There is no sense L. PRO-NOUNS? P. That is their name-so in writing the word he, or him, or I, unless you first write the |