Directional authority See RETURN-
HAUL AUTHORITY, INTERPRE-
TATION

Equipment See EQUIPMENT AU-
THORITY, INTERPRETATION
Errors of carriers, in See ERRORS
OF CARRIERS

Estoppel See ESTOPPEL

Express See EXPRESS AUTHOR-

ITY, INTERPRETATION

General rules See GENERAL RULES
IN INTERPRETING AUTHORI-
TIES

Heavy hauling See COMMODITIES
AUTHORITY, INTERPRETATION;
EQUIPMENT AUTHORITY, IN-
TERPRETATION

Petitions, to determine See PETI-
TIONS

Points served See POINTS-SERVED

AUTHORITY, INTERPRETATION
Return haul authority See RETURN-
HAUL AUTHORITY, INTERPRE-
TATION

General commodity authority, included
in 91

BALANCE SHEETS

Inclusion of item of particular ac-
counts, propriety See names of par-
ticular accounts

BEST EVIDENCE RULE

Inadequacy of existing service in appli-
cation proceeding, unrebutted testi-
mony where no documents available
See UNREBUTTED TESTIMONY
Inadequacy of existing service in appli-
cation proceeding, value of unre-
butted testimony unsupported by un-
derlying documents See UNRE-
BUTTED TESTIMONY

Station agents' reports, as See STA-

TION AGENTS' REPORTS

Station agents' reports as, when pro-
duction of underlying freight bills
would place undue burden on offeror
540

BILLS OF LADING

Restrictions based on See SERVICE
RESTRICTIONS IN CERTIFI-
CATES PC&N

BIRD TRUCKING CO.-MODIFICA-
TION OF CERTIFICATES

Followed 222

BLACK ▾ INTERSTATE COMMERCE

COMMISSION

Followed 501

BUNDLING OF COMMODITIES See
also CONTAINERS

Authority to carry, effect on See COM-
MODITIES AUTHORITY, INTER-

PRETATION; EQUIPMENT AU-
THORITY, INTERPRETATION
Inherent nature test, relation See IN-
HERENT NATURE TEST

BURDEN OF PROOF

Alternate routes, not on applicants to
prove:

Volume of traffic equal to or greater
than that of existing carriers 370,
453

Alternate routes on applicant to prove:
Criteria met 247, 623

Need for service, if institution of new
service results 370
Certificates, on applicants to prove:
Existing service inadequate 21
Need for service 15, 430

Operational fitness 222, 735
Commodity authority, on applicants to
prove:

Composition, manufacture and use
514

Conversion of authorities under § 212
(c), on applicants to prove:
Scope of past operations, (discussed
in dissent) 579

Extension of certificates, not on ap-
plicants to prove:

Inadequacy of existing service of

carriers indicating no interest in
proposed service 780
Extensions of certificates, on appli-
cants (passenger carriers) to prove:
Existing service inadequate 474
Need for distinct service to be re-
lieved of need to prove inadequacy
of existing service 743
Need for service

411

Extensions of certificates, on appli-
cants to prove:

Existence of facilities whereby serv-

ice could be utilized 262
Existing service inadequate 44, 154,
158, 184, 643

Need for service 44, 121, 477, 632,
643

Operational fitness 419

Extensions of permits, on applicants to

prove:

Need for service 477, 775
Interchange, on applicant to prove:
Other carriers' ability and willing-
ness to interchange 23

CARRIERS

Accounting See ACCOUNTS & AC-
COUNTING

Adequate service, need for See CAR-
RIERS' NEED FOR INCREASED
EFFICIENCY OF SUBSTITUTED
MOTOR-FOR-RAIL SERVICE;

CARRIERS' (OTHER) NEED FOR
ADEQUATE SERVICE

Agreements between See AGREE-
MENTS BETWEEN CARRIERS
Armored See ARMORED-CAR CAR-
RIERS

Associations of See ASSOCIATIONS
Charges See CHARGES

Common See COMMON CARRIERS
Contract See CONTRACT CAR-
RIERS

Contracts of See CONTRACTS OF
CARRIERS

Control See COMMON CONTROL,
MANAGEMENT OR ARRANGE-

MENT; CONTROL

Corporate aspects, accounts, officers,
etc. See CORPORATIONS
Employees See EMPLOYEES OF
CARRIERS

Errors See ERRORS OF CARRIERS
Exempt See EXEMPTIONS

Fitness See FITNESS OF CAR-
RIERS

Heavy haulers See HEAVY HAUL-
ERS

Irregular-route

See IRREGULAR-
ROUTE CARRIERS

Liabilities See CARRIERS' LIABIL-
ITIES

Motor operations of rail carriers See
MOTOR OPERATIONS OF RAIL
CARRIERS

Motor subsidiaries of rail See MO-
TOR SUBSIDIARIES OF RAIL
CARRIERS

Officers See EMPLOYEES OF CAR-
RIERS

Operating rights See OPERATING
RIGHTS

Presumptions See PRESUMPTIONS
Private See PRIVATE CARRIERS
Rail See RAIL CARRIERS
Rail affiliates See MOTOR SUBSID-
IARIES OF RAIL CARRIERS

CARRIERS-Continued

Regular-route See REGULAR-
ROUTE CARRIERS

Revenue, need for See CARRIERS'
NEED FOR REVENUE

Rights See CARRIERS' RIGHTS
Services and privileges See SERV-
ICES & PRIVILEGES

Shippers' right to service See SHIP-
PERS' RIGHTS
Status See COMMON CARRIERS,
CHARACTERISTICS & DUTIES;
CONTRACT CARRIERS, CHARAC-
TERISTICS & DUTIES; PRIVATE
CARRIERS, CHARACTERISTICS
Status, determination regarding See
STATUS

Stock ownership See CONTROL BY
STOCK OWNERSHIP

CARRIERS' LIABILITIES

See also

CARRIERS' RIGHTS
Accounting See CURRENT LIABILI-

TIES ACCOUNT

For-hire status, as test See COMMON
CARRIERS, CHARACTERISTICS
& DUTIES; CONTRACT CAR-
RIERS, CHARACTERISTICS &
DUTIES; PRIVATE CARRIERS,

CHARACTERISTICS

CARRIERS' NEED FOR ECONOMI-
CAL ROUTES

Operating economies

Alternate route, as justification
370, 450

Conversion from irregular to regu-
lar-route authority, as justification
549

Elimination of gateway, as justifi-
cation 800

CARRIERS' NEED FOR INCREASED
EFFICIENCY OF SUBSTITUTED
MOTOR-FOR-RAIL SERVICE
Efficiency and economy 90, 378
Key-point restrictions, removal to per-
mit more efficient use of rail and
motor equipment 64, 124

CARRIERS' NEED FOR REVENUE
Existing carriers' rights See CAR-
RIERS' RIGHTS

Follow-the-traffic doctrine, relation

305

CARRIERS' OTHER NEED FOR ADE-

QUATE SERVICE
Certificates, extensions
Points served

Removal of key-point limitation to

provide more efficient and eco-
nomical motor-for-rail service
124, 543

Removal of key-point limitations to
provide more expeditious motor-
for-rail service 65

Routes

Interchange, for, with noncompeti-
tive connecting carrier 495
Efficient and economical substi-
tuted motor-for-rail service 378
CARRIERS' RIGHTS See also CAR-
RIERS' LIABILITIES

Adequate service, existing carriers'
right to provide See COMPETI-
TIVE SITUATION
Adequate service, existing carriers'

right to provide after voluntary ces-
sation of service 280
Amendment (1957) of §§ 203 (a) (15)
and 209(b), effect on common car
riers' right to provide service 40,
170, 426, 459, 466, 535, 558, 768
Amendment (1957) of §§ 203 (a) (15)

and 209 (b), effect on contract car-
riers' right to provide service 40,
170, 426, 459, 466, 535, 558, 768
Common carriers, to perform special-
ized service 466

Common carriers, to protection from
contract carriers 40, 170, 426, 468,
535, 558, 682, 768

Common carriers, to provide service by
means of interchange 574
Competitive position, to protection

See COMPETITIVE SITUATION
Continuation of inefficient method of

operation by competitive carrier, no
vested right in 66

Continuation of inefficient method of
operation, no vested right in 543
Contract carriers, grants of authority
to, when existing common and con-
tract carriers in field 426
Contract carriers, grants of authority
to, when existing common carriers in
field 40, 170, 459, 466, 535, 558, 682
768

Due process See DUE PROCESS
General-commodity carriers, to trans-
port bundles aggregated for economy
or efficiency 518
General-commodity carriers, to trans-
port commodities requiring special
equipment for loading and unload-
ing, when loading and unloading
equipment supplied by consignor or
consignee 768

General-commodity carriers, to trans-

port commodities which are required
by their inherent nature to be bun-
dled or aggregated 518

Heavy haulers, right to transport ag-
gregated, bundled or palletized ship-
ments 518

Heavy haulers, right to use ordinary
vehicular equipment 6

Heavy haulers, to transport commodi-
ties requiring special equipment for
loading and unloading, when loading
and unloading equipment supplied
by consignor or consignee 768
Notice, to See DUE PROCESS
Premature application denied does not

give rights superior to another ap-
plicant who filed before applicant re-
news application 469

Protection from loss of revenue which

they cannot afford, existing carriers'
rights 195, 412, 666, 744, 750

Protestants, as See PROTESTANTS
Tacking See TACKING

Permits, application for by holder of
certificate See DUAL OPERATING
RIGHTS, APPLICATIONS FOR
Restrictions, imposition See RE-
STRICTIONS IN CERTIFICATES
PC&N