American LawyersOxford University Press, USA, 1989 M11 30 - 424 pages This detailed portrait of American lawyers traces their efforts to professionalize during the last 100 years by erecting barriers to control the quality and quantity of entrants. Abel describes the rise and fall of restrictive practices that dampened competition among lawyers and with outsiders. He shows how lawyers simultaneously sought to increase access to justice while stimulating demand for services, and their efforts to regulate themselves while forestalling external control. Data on income and status illuminate the success of these efforts. Charting the dramatic transformation of the profession over the last two decades, Abel documents the growing number and importance of lawyers employed outside private practice (in business and government, as judges and teachers) and the displacement of corporate clients they serve. Noting the complexity of matching ever more diverse entrants with more stratified roles, he depicts the mechanism that law schools and employers have created to allocate graduates to jobs and socialize them within their new environments. Abel concludes with critical reflections on possible and desirable futures for the legal profession. |
Contents
THEORIES OF THE PROFESSIONS | 14 |
CONTROLLING PRODUCTION BY PRODUCERS | 27 |
Marxist Theories of Professions in the Class Structure | 30 |
Theoretical Frameworks for Understanding | 39 |
Tightening Control Over Supply | 48 |
The Trajectory of Entry Control | 71 |
Influences on the Production of Lawyers | 77 |
The Characteristics of Lawyers | 83 |
b Education of American Population 18701970 | 252 |
Number Taking LSAT Completing LSDAS and Entering Law School 194748 to 198687 | 253 |
Fulltime and Parttime Law Students 188990 to 1985 | 254 |
Law School Tuition selected institutions and years | 255 |
Proportion of Students Enrolled at ABAApproved Law Schools Graduating Three Years Later 196385 | 256 |
Law School Attrition Aggregate Enrollment 192241 | 257 |
Attrition at ABAApproved Law Schools Fulltime and Parttime 193786 | 258 |
Attrition at Selected Schools 192484 thirdyear students as percentage of firstyear students three years earlier | 259 |
Demographic Change | 108 |
Defining the Monopoly | 112 |
Price Fixing | 118 |
A NEW STRATEGY | 127 |
Public Interest Law | 134 |
SELFREGULATION | 142 |
Protecting the Client Against Financial Loss | 150 |
The Record of SelfRegulation | 156 |
The Status of Lawyers | 163 |
Private Practice | 178 |
One Profession or Many? The Dilemmas | 208 |
The Rationalization of the Labor Market | 214 |
The Revival of Apprenticeship | 221 |
State Educational Requirements for Admission to Bar 1935 | 249 |
Total Length of Prelegal and Legal Education of Law Students 188990 to 1938 | 250 |
Effect of Educational Requirements | 251 |
Attrition of Male and Female Law Students 197172 | 261 |
12 Attrition of Minority Students in ABAApproved Law Schools 197172 to 198586 | 262 |
Admissions to Bar on Motion and by Diploma Privilege | 263 |
14 Residence Required before Application Examination or Admission number of states | 265 |
Bar Examination Results Selected States 19027 | 266 |
Bar Examination Results by States 192229 | 267 |
National Bar Examination Results 192785 | 269 |
Number of Lawyers | 277 |
Characteristics of Lawyers | 284 |
SelfRegulation | 291 |
Differentiation Within the Legal Profession | 298 |
NOTES | 319 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 355 |
American Lawyers | 365 |
389 | |
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Common terms and phrases
14 percent 20 percent ABA-approved law schools admitted advertising American Bar Association American Bar Foundation American lawyers apprenticeship attorneys average bar examination Bar of California California careers century clients cohort Committee competition corporate decades declined demand disbarred earned economic elite employees enrollment entrants entry ethical federal fees full-time growth half Harvard house counsel Illinois increased jurisdictions large firms largest firms law firms law graduates law students lawyer income legal aid Legal Education legal profession legal services less median minority law National Law Journal northeastern law schools number of lawyers occupations offices paralegals part-time partners pass rates percent of lawyers physicians political population prelegal private practice private practitioners pro bono production profes professional proportion of lawyers Report salaries Shafroth social sole practitioners status structural Supreme Court survey Table U.S. Supreme Court unapproved schools University versus women lawyers York City York firms