3 termination sion, takes the sound of sh, after a consonant; as in session: and that of zh, after a vowel; as in invasion, elision. ut in isle, island, aisle, demesne, viscount.

XX. OF THE LETTER T.

eral sound of the consonant T, is heard in time, letter, set. diately after the accent, takes the sound of tch, before u, and genbefore eou: as in nature, feature, virtue, righteous, courteous: when edes, it takes this sound before ia or io; as in fustian, bastion, But the general sound of tafter the accent, when followed by i and wel, is that of sh; as in creation, patient, cautious. etimes silent; as in often, rustle, whistle.

sents an elementary sound. It is either sharp, as in thing, ethical, or flat, as in this, whither, thither.

lis sharp; as in thank: except in than, that, the, thee, their, them, ,there, these, they, thine, this, thither, those, thou, thus, thy, and their

3.

is also sharp; as in south: except in beneath, booth, with, and sevin th, which are frequently (and more properly) written with final

the, smoothe, bequeathe.

al is sharp, when preceded or followed by a consonant; as in thwart: except in brethren, burthen, farther, farthing, murther,

porthy.

een two vowels, is generally flat in words purely English; as in her, whither: and sharp in words from the learned languages; as ether, method.

hames, Thomas, thyme, asthma, phthisic, and their compounds, is 1 like t.

XXI. OF THE LETTER U.

el U has three sounds properly its own:

pen, long, or diphthongal; as in tube, cubic, juvenile. lose or short; as in tub, butter, justice.

middle; as in pull, pulpit, artful.

ng a syllable by itself, is nearly equivalent in sound to you, and e article a, and not an, before it; as, a union.

1 busy are pronounced berry, bizzy. Their compounds are similar. r rh, open u, and the diphthongs ue and ui, take the sound of 00; rhubarb, rue, rueful, fruit, fruitful.

DIPHTHONGS BEGINNING WITH U.

e proper diphthongs ua, ue, ui, uo, uy, has the sound of w, or oo in persuade, query, quell, quiet, languid, quote, obloquy.

mproper diphthong, has the sound-1. of middle a; as in guard, 2. of close a; as in guarantee, piquant: 3. of obscure e; as in vios compounds: 4. of open u; as in mantuamaker.

mproper diphthong, has the sound-1. of open u; as in blue, ensue, close e; as in guest: 3. of obscure e; as in league, antique. nproper diphthong, has the sound-1. of open i; as guide, guile : ; as in conduit, circuit: 3. of open u; as in juice, suit. mproper diphthong, has the sound-1. of open y; as in buy: 2. of open e feeble; as in plaguy.

TRIPHTHONGS BEGINNING WITH U.

ronounced like way; as in guai-a-cum, quail, quaint. Lounded like wa in water; as in squaw, a female Indian.

or and noy are so led wor, as in quoit, buoy.

XXII. OF THE LETTER V.

The consonant Valways has a sound like that of f flattened; as in love,

ture. It is never silent.

XXIII. OF THE LETTER W.

W, as a consonant, has the sound heard in wine, win, being a sound less cal than that of oo, and depending more upon the lips.

W before h, is pronounced as if it followed the h; as in what, when. Bewhoop, sword,

re

rit is always silent; as

in wrath, wrench:

in whole, wh

swer, two.
W is never used alone as a vowel; except in some Welsh names, in which
is equivalent to oo; as in Crom Cothy. In a diphthong, when heard, it has
e power of u; as in brow: but it is frequently silent; as in flow, snow, &c.
W, when sounded before vowels, being reckoned a consonant, we have no
phthongs or triphthongs beginning with this letter.

XXIV. OF THE LETTER X.

The consonant X has a sharp sound, like ks; as in ox: and a flat one, like ; as in example.

Xis sharp, when it ends an accented syllable; as in exit, excellence: or nen it precedes an accented syllable beginning with a consonant; as in pound, expunge.

✗ unaccented, is generally flat when the next syllable begins with a vowel; in exist, exotic.

X initial, in Greek proper names, has the sound of z; as in Xanthus, Xanpe, Xenophon, Xerxes.

XXV. OF THE LETTER Y.

Y, as a consonant, has the sound heard in yard, youth; being rather less cal than the feeble sound of i or y, and serving merely to modify that of a

cceeding vowel, with which it is quickly united.

Y, as a vowel, has the same sounds as i:

1. The open or long; as in cry, thyme, cycle.

2. The close or short; as in system, symptom, супіс.

3. The feeble; (like open e feeble;) as in cymar, cycloidal, mercy.

The vowels i and y have, in general, exactly the same sound under similar
cumstances; and, in forming derivatives, we often change one for the
her: as in city, cities; tie, tying; easy, easily.
Y, before a vowel heard in the same syllable, is reckoned a consonant; we
ve, therefore, no diphthongs or triphthongs commencing with this letter.

3

XXVI. OF THE LETTER Z.

The consonant Zalways has the sound of s flat; as in breeze, zenith,

OF

Derivation which thos inflections, ar Most of thos traced to ulter derivatives in

French lan learner is supp go beyond the primitive impe explain the pre English derive The rude an is unknown, an are irrecoveral undoubtedly by the Saxons, accurately kno Anglo-Saxon d tongues of the languages of F our rude and civilization, an early as the ter sentiments of be traced by m English till ab later, it was so gible to most cannot here di ous, strong, re The followin

& b

APPENDIX II.

(ETYMOLOGY.)

OF THE DERIVATION OF WORDS.

n is a species of Etymology, which explains the various methods hose derivative words which are not formed by mere grammatical are deduced from their primitives.

hose words which are regarded as primitives in English, may be terior sources, and many of them are found to be compounds or in other languages. A knowledge of the Saxon, Latin, Greek, languages, will throw much light on this subject. But as the upposed to be unacquainted with those languages, we shall not the precincts of our own; except to show him the origin and nport of some of our definitive and connecting particles, and to prefixes and terminations which are frequently employed to form

ivatives.

and cursory languages of barbarous nations, to whom literature 1, are among those transitory things which, by the hand of time, rably buried in oblivion. The fabric of the English language is y of Saxon origin; but what was the form of the language spoken ns, when about the year 450 they entered Britain, cannot now be nown. It was probably a dialect of the Gothic or Teutonic. This dialect, being the nucleus, received large accessions from other the north, from the Norman French, and from the more polished f Rome and Greece, to form the modern English. The speech of nd warlike ancestors thus gradually improved, as Christianity, and knowledge, advanced the arts of life in Britain; and, as tenth century, it became a language capable of expressing all the of a civilized people. From the time of Alfred, its progress may y means of writings which remain; but it can scarcely be called about the thirteenth century. And for two or three centuries 5 so different from the modern English, as to be scarcely intellist readers; but, gradually improving by means upon which we dilate, it at length became what we now find it, a language, copirefined, and capable of no inconsiderable degree of harmony. wing is an explanation of the Saxon letters employed below:

CTION I. DERIVATION OF THE ARTICLES. Hing to Horne Tooke, THE is the Saxon de from dean to take; and is valent in meaning to that or those. We find it written in ancient se, see, ye, te, de, be, and the; and, tracing it through what we be the oldest of these forms, we rather consider it the imperative

e.

the Saxon an, ane, an, ONE; and, by dropping n before a conso

7

In English, Nouns are derived from nouns, from adjectives, from verbs, or from participles.

I. Nouns are derived from Nouns in several different ways:

1. By adding ship, dom, ric, wick, or, ate, hood, or head: as, fellow, fellonohip; king, kingdom; bishop, bishopric; bailiff, or baily, bailiwick; senate, enator; tetrarch, tetrarchate; child, childhood; God, Godhead. These geneally denote dominion, office, or character.

2. By adding ian: as, music, musician; physic, physician. These geneally denote profession.

3. By adding y or ery: as, slave, slavery; foot, foolery; scene, scenery; cuter, cutlery; grocer, grocery. These sometimes denote a state, or habit of ction; sometimes, an artificer's wares or shop.

4. By adding age or ade: as, patron, patronage; porter, porterage; band, andage; lemon, lemonade.

5. By adding kin, let, ling, ock, el, or erel: as, lamb, lambkin; river, rivuet; duck, duckling; hill, hillock; run, runnel; cock, cockerel. These denote ittle things, and are called diminutives.

6. By adding ist: as, psalm, psalmist; botany, botanist. These denote persons devoted to, or skilled in, the subject expressed by the primitive. 7.

By prefixing an adjective, or an other noun, and forming a a compound vord; as, holiday, foreman, statesman, tradesman.

8. By prefixing dis, in, non, or un, to reverse the meaning: as, order, dis-
rder; consistency, inconsistency; observance, nonobservance; truth, untruth.
9. By prefixing counter, signifying against or opposite: as, attraction,
ounter-attraction; bond, counter-bond.

10. By adding ess, ix, or ine, to change masculines to feminines: as, heir,
Leiress; prophet, prophetess; abbot, abbess ; testator, testatrix ; hero, heroine.
II. Nouns are derived from Adjectives in several different ways:-
1. By adding ness, ity, ship, dom, or hood: as, good, goodness; real, reality;
hard, hardship; wise, wisdom; false, falsehood.

2. By changing t into ce or cy: as, radiant, radiance; consequent, conse

uence;

flagrant, flagrancy;

current, currency.

3. By changing some of the letters, and adding tor th: as, long, length; road, breadth; high, height. The nouns included under these three heads, generally denote abstract qualities, and are called abstract nouns.

4. By adding ard: as, drunk, drunkard; dull, dullard. These denote he character of a person.

5. By adding ist: as, sensual, sensualist; royal, royalist. These denote Dersons devoted, addicted, or attached, to something.

6. By adding a, the Latin ending of neuter plurals, to certain proper adjectives in an: as, Miltonian, Miltoniana; i. e., Miltonian things-matters relating to Milton.

III. Nouns are derived from Verbs in several different ways:1. By adding ment, ance, ure, or age: as, punish, punishment; repent, reDentance; forfeit, forfeiture; stow, stowage; equip, equipage. 2. By changing the termination of the verb, into se, ce, sion, tion, ation, or tion: as, expand, expanse, expansion; pretend, pretence, pretension; invent, nvention; create, creation; omit, omission; provide, provision; reform, refornation; oppose, opposition. These denote the act of doing, or the thing

done.

3. By adding er or or: as, hunt, hunter; write, writer; collect, collector. These generally denote the doer.

4. Nouns and verbs are sometimes alike in orthography, but different in pronunciation: as, a house, to house; a reb'el, to rebel'; a rec'ord, to record'. Sometimes they are wholly alike, and are distinguished only by the con-truction: as, love, to love; fear, to fear; sleep, to sleep.

IV Nouns are often derived from Participles in ing. Such nouns are sually distinguished from participles, only by their construction: as, a neeting, the understanding, murmurings, disputings.

SE

In Englis
verbs, or fro

L. Adject
1. By add
omission or
glory, glorio
tion, nation
mant, adam
of their priv
2. By ad
These deno
3. By ade
note plenty
4. By ado

matter of w
5. Bv ad
resemblanc
6. By ad
these term
7. By ac
privation o
8. Adjec
American
Platonic.

9. By ac
and are o
sided, bare
10. Nou

tion: as,

II. Ad 1. By

quality w 2. By tent; wis their pri 3. By

are but f

ΙΙΙ. Α

1. By letters: divisible

2. By letters:

defensi

3. W

ployed
somplic

IV.

1. B

2. P

the ve

3.上

jectiv

lastin

I. to b

glish, Adjectives are derived from nouns, from adjectives, from from participles.

ectives are derived from Nouns in several different ways:adding ous, ious, eous, y, ey, ic, al, ical, or ine: (sometimes with an or change of some of the final letters:) as, danger, dangerous; rious; right, righteous; rock, rocky; clay, clayey; poet, poetic; паional; method, methodical; vertex, vertical; clergy, clerical; adaamantine. Adjectives thus formed, generally apply the properties primitives to the nouns to which they relate.

adding ful: as, fear, fearful; cheer, cheerful; grace, graceful.

note abundance.

adding some: as, burden, burdensome; game, gamesome. These deaty, but with some diminution.

adding en: as, oak, oaken; silk, silken. These generally denote the f which a thing is made.

adding ly or ish: as, friend, friendly; child, childish, These denote ince; for ly signifies like.

adding able or ible: as, fashion, fashionable; access, accessible. But minations are generally added to verbs.

adding less: as, house, houseless; death, deathless. These denote 1 or exemption.

jectives from proper names, take various terminations: as, America, n; England, English; Dane, Danish, Portugal, Portuguese; Plato,

adding ed: as, saint, sainted; bigot, bigoted. These are participial, often joined with other adjectives to form compounds; as, threere-footed, long-eared, hundred-handed, flat-nosed.

ouns are often converted into adjectives, without change of termina-, paper currency; a gold chain.

djectives are derived from Adjectives in several different ways:adding ish or some : as, white, whitish; lone, lonesome. These denote with some diminution.

prefixing dis, in, or un: as, honest, dishonest; consistent, inconsisEse, unwise. These express a negation of the quality denoted by imitives.

adding y or ly: as, swarth, swarthy; good, goodly. Of these there few; for almost all derivatives of the latter form, are adverbs. Adjectives are derived from Verbs in several different ways:- adding able or ible: (sometimes with a change of some of the final as, perish, perishable; vary, variable; convert, convertible; divide, 2. These denote susceptibility.

adding ive or ory: (sometimes with a change of some of the final ) as, elect, elective; interrogate, interrogative, interrogatory; defend, De; defame, defamatory.

ords ending in ate, are mostly verbs: but some of them may be emas adjectives, in the same form, especially in poetry: as, reprobate,

ate.

Adjectives are derived from Participles in the following ways:y prefixing un: as, unyielding, unregarded, undeserved.

y combining the participle with some word which does not belong to -b; as, way-faring, hollow-sounding, long-drawn.

articiples often become adjectives without change of form. Such ads are distinguished from participles only by the construction: as, "A ornament; "-" The starving chymist; "-" Words of learned length."

SECTION IV. DERIVATION OF THE PRONOUNS.