In note, without giving it a particular reference. 9. [] The Cedilla is a mark borrowed from the French, whom it is placed under the letter c to give it the sound of efore a or o; as, in the words, "façade," "Alençon." rcester's Dictionary, it is attached to three other letters, lenote their soft sounds: viz., "Gas J; S as Z; x as gz." [For oral exercises in punctuation, the teacher may select any well-pointed to which the foregoing rules and explanations may be applied by the pupil. An cation of the principles of punctuation, either to points rightly inserted, or in orrection of errors, is as easy a process as ordinary syntactical parsing or correctand, in proportion to the utility of these principles, as useful. The exercise, in on to correct pointing, consists in reading some passage, in successive parts, acing to its points; naming the latter, as they occur; and repeating the rules or ines of punctuation, as the reasons for the marks employed.] Elocutic 1. Emphe to relieve th pleasing. T CHAPTER II. - UTTERANCE. Jtterance is the art of vocal expression. It includes principles of pronunciation and elocution. SECTION I.-OF PRONUNCIATION. Pronunciation, as distinguished from elocution, is the The Just Powers of the letters, are those sounds which given to them by the best readers. 1. Accent is the peculiar stress which we lay upon some Cicular syllable of a word, whereby that syllable is distinshed from the rest; as, grám-mar, gram-má-ri-an. Every word of more than one syllable, has one of its sylla= accented. When the word is long, for the sake of harmony or distincts, we often give a secondary or less forcible accent to an er syllable; as, to the last of tém-per-a-ture, and to the ond of in-dém-ni-fi-cá-tion. full and open pronunciation of the long vowel sounds, a r articulation of the consonants, a forcible and well-placed ent, and a distinct utterance of the unaccented syllables, inguish the elegant speaker. For a full explanation of the principles of pronunciation, the learner is re I to Walker's Critical Pronouncing Dictionary; for authorities in reference to ble usage, to the Universal and Critical Dictionary of J. E. Worcester.] to the degre III. Inflec voice, by w note, key, on from a lowe or upward i to a lower inflection. 2. The fallin IV. Tone A Figu from the o application of Orthogra and figures employed, They occu and severa SECTION II.-OF ELOCUTION. cution is the utterance of words that are arranged entences, and form discourse. cution requires a knowledge, and right application, phasis, pauses, inflections, and tones. 'mphasis is the peculiar stress of voice which we lay ome particular word or words in a sentence, which are y distinguished from the rest, as being more especially ant. Pauses are cessations in utterance, which serve equally ve the speaker, and to render language intelligible and g. The duration of the pauses should be proportionate degree of connexion between the parts of the discourse. Inflections are those peculiar variations of the human by which a continuous sound is made to pass from one ey, or pitch, into an other. The passage of the voice lower to a higher or shriller note, is called the rising ard inflection. The passage of the voice from a higher wer or graver note, is called the falling or downward m. These two opposite inflections may be heard in owing examples: 1. The rising, "Do you mean to gó?" falling, "When will you go?” Questions that may be answered by yes or no, require the rising inthose that demand any other answer, must be uttered with the flection. Tones are those modulations of the voice, which depend he feelings of the speaker. They are what Sheridan nates "the language of emotions." And it is of the utmportance, that they be natural, unaffected, and rightly I to the subject and to the occasion: for, upon them, in measure, depends all that is pleasing or interesting in on. CHAPTER III. -FIGURES. Figure, in grammar, is an intentional deviation he ordinary spelling, formation, construction, or tion, of words. There are, accordingly, figures nography, figures of Etymology, figures of Syntax, Cures of Rhetoric. When figures are judiciously ved, they both strengthen and adorn expression. occur more frequently in poetry than in prose; 4.1 1 Figure of Orthography is an intentional deviation In the ordinary or true spelling of a word. The principal figures of Orthography are two; namely, ne'-sis and Ar'-cha-ism. Mimesis is a ludicrous imitation of some mistake or misnunciation of a word, in which the error is mimicked by a spelling, or the taking of one word for an other; as, aister, says he, have you any wery good weal in your et?"-Columbian Orator, p. 292. "Ay, he was porn at amouth, captain Gower." -Shak. "I will description the ter to you, if you be capacity of it."-Id. "Perdigious! I can hardly stand."-Lloyd. . An Archaism is a word or phrase expressed according Bow-bent with eld, his beard of snowy hue." -Beattie. SECTION II. -FIGURES OF ETYMOLOGY. Figure of Etymology is an intentional deviation m the ordinary formation of a word. The principal figures of Etymology are eight; namely, Aphæresis is the elision of some of the initial letters of a I. Syncopè is the elision of some of the middle letters of 1: as, withouten, for without; deary, for dear; Johnny, for 2. I. Diæresis is the separating of two vowels that might 1 a diphthong: as, coöperate, not cooperate; aëronaut, not naut; orthoëpy, not orthœpy. II. Synæresis is the sinking of two syllables into one: as, , for seest; tacked, for tack-ed; drowned, for drown-ed. Pared in writin SE A Figure The princip L Ellipsis* are necessary to convey the thod; becaus though they a Almost all There may be eren of a who jections can s 1. Of the dar, [the] mo 2. Of the 1 law."-"The 1 -"A dozen [ 3. Of the one, and not [ 4. Of the F "The estates * There never ca ting loose and da preposition: transitive, but th derstood. A wo Then a vowel is entirely suppressed in pronounciation, (whether 1 writing or not,) the consonants connected with it, fall into an ble; thus, tried, triest, loved or lov'd, lovest or lov'st, are monosylcept in solemn discourse, in which the e is generally retained and 1. Tmesis is the inserting of a word between the parts pound; as, "On which side soever;"-"To us ward;" fod ward." SECTION III. -FIGURES OF SYNTAX. gure of Syntax is an intentional deviation from nary construction of words. cincipal figures of Syntax are five; namely, El-lip'-sis, sm, Syl-lep'-sis, En-al-la-ge, and Hy-per-ba-ton. psis* is the omission of some word or words which ssary to complete the construction, but not necessary y the meaning. Such words are said to be underecause they are received as belonging to the sentence, hey are not uttered. t all compound sentences are more or less elliptical. ay be an omission of any of the parts of speech, or - whole clause; but the omission of articles or intercan scarcely constitute a proper ellipsis. Examples: the Article; as, "A man and [a] woman." "The ☐ month, and [the] year." the Noun; as, "The common [law] and the statute The twelve [apostles]." - "One [book] of my books." zen [bottles] of wine." the Adjective; as, "There are subjects proper for the not [proper] for the other." - Kames. The Pronoun; as, "I love [him] and [1] fear him."— ates [which] we own." ever can be an ellipsis of any thing which is either unnecessary to the con, necessary to the sense, for to say what we mean and nothing more, never e a deviation from the ordinary gra amatical construction of words. As ntax, therefore, the ellipsis can be only of such words as are so evidently the reader, that the writer is as fully answerable for them as if he had . To suppose an ellipsis where there is none, or to overlook one where rs, is to pervert or mutilate the text, in order to accommodate it to the ance of the principles of syntax. There never can be either a general - a self-consistency in om methods of parsing, or in our notions of gramcrue nature of an ellipsis is clearly ascertained; so that the writer shall from a blundering omission that impairs the sense, and the reader man arbitrary insertion of what would be cumbrous and useless. By e and extravagant ideas of the nature of this figure, some pretenders to philosophy have been led into the most whimsical and opposite notions me grammatical construction of language. Thus, with equal absurdity, Sherman, in their Philosophic Grammars, attempt to confute the docpredecessors, by supposing ellipses at pleasure. And while the former prepositions do not govern the objective case, but that every verb is nom thus Eve, yet sinless" [spoke]. 6. Of the Participle; as, "That [boing] o'er, they part." 8. Of the Conjunction; as, "The fruit of the Spirit is love, 9. Of the Preposition; as, "[On] this day." -" [In] next Onth."-" He departed [from] this life."-" He gave [to] me Dook."-"To walk [through] a mile." 10. Of the Interjection; as, "Oh! the frailty, [Oh!] the ckedness of men!" 11. Of a Phrase or Clause; as, "The active commonly do II. Pleonasm is the introduction of superfluous words. This III. Sylepsis is agreement formed according to the figura- IV. Enallagè is the use of one part of speech, or of one odification for an other. This figure borders closely upon ecism;* and, for the stability of the language, it should be 3. "Thân ch 4 "Sure sor . "So furio Deviations of this kind are, in general, to be considered solecisms; otherwise the es of grammar would be of no use or authority. Despauter, an ancient Latin gramian, gave an improper latitude to this figure, under the name of Antiptosis; and ourt and others extended it still further. But Sanctius says, "Antiptosi gramticorum nihil imperitius, quod figmentum si esset verum, frustra quæreretur, m casum verba regerent." And the Messieurs De Port Royal reject the figure Destruc V. Hyperbal is earth arou --V Care I unto y poetry. A ju strength, and v ken lest it pr SEC A Figure from the ord of this kind a Numerous ( occur in almost bunded on so the power of in or lustration. The princip Sim-i-le, MetHy-per-bo-le, V -sis, Ec-pho-n L A Simile generally intro "At fi The "Man, like the The strength II. A Metap of two objects aijunet, or act. 1. "His eye 2. "An ang Mogether. There Dot competent to c wastruction. |
