4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uni- Naturalization. form laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States. 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of Money. foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures. 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the Counterfeiting. securities and current coin of the United States. 7. To establish post offices and post roads, Post-offices. 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by Science. securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court, Tribunals. To define and punish piracy and felony committed on the high seas and offenses against the law of nations. 10. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water. War. 11. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of Armies. money to that use, shall be for a longer term than two years. 12. To provide and maintain a navy. Navy. 13. To make rules for government and regulation of the Land and naval land and naval forces. forces. 14. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the Militia. laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions. 15. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. 16. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases what- Legislation over a district, &c. soever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased, by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erections of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings; and Laws. necessary 17. To make all laws which shall be necessary and pro- for the execution per for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and of their powers. all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. SECTION 9. Of the importa, 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any tion of certain of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall persons, &c. not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may Writ of habeas corpus. Attainder, &c. Direct taxes. Of commerce &c. be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. 3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from from the states, any state. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. Of expenditures. No nobility 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the recipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United created and no States, and no person holding any office of profit or trust presents accepted by U. S. of- under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, ficers, etc. accept any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Powers prohibit vidual states. SECTION 10. 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance or coned to the indi- federation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold or silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. Powers which the states can exercise only 2. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impost or duties on imports or exports, except what may under the sanc- be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; tion of congress. and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any · state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of Congress. No state shall without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. Executive pow ers. ARTICLE II. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and together with the vice president, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: dent and vice 2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Electors of presilegislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal president. to the whole number of senators and, representatives, to which the state may be entitled in the Congress, but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. electors. 3. The electors shall meet in their respective states and Meeting of the vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be a inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And Their proceedthey shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of ings. the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such number is a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediatele choose, by ballot, one of them for president; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list, the said house shall, in like manner, choose the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors, shall be the vice president. But if there should remain two or more [*Annulled, see who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, art. 12.] by ballot, the vice president.* amendments, 4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Time of chooselectors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, ing electors. which day shall be the same throughout the United States. 5. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen Qualifications of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Con- for president. stitution, shall be eligible to the office of president; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 6. In case of the removal of the president from office, or When his duties of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the devolve on the vice-president, powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve &c. on the vice president, and the Congress may, by law, pro Compensation. Oath of the president. Powers of the president. His powers with the advice and consent of the senate. vide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the president and vice president, declaring what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a president shall be elected. 7. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his service a compensation, which shall neither be increased or diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive during that period any other emolument from the United States or any of them. 8. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation: 9. "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." SECTION 2. 1. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states when called into the actual service of the United States. He may require the opinion in writing of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise Of appointment provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the Congress may, by law, vest, the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. of inferior officers. President may fill vacancies. Duties of president. 3. The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. SECTION 3. 1. He shall from time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, on either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of ad think proper. lic ministers. journment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall He shall receive ambassadors and other pubHe shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed; and shall commission all the officers of the United States. SECTION 4. 1. The president, vice president, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. SECTION 2. Judicial power. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and Its extent. equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, or other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admirality and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more states, between a state and citizens of another state; between citizens of different states; between citizens of the same state, claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state or the citizens thereof, and foreign art. 11 of amend[*Restriction by states, citizens or subjects.* ments.] stipreme court. 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public mi- Jurisdiction of nisters or consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases, before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, Trial of crimes. shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. SECTION 3. 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only Treason. |