The Urban Establishment: Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Charleston, Chicago, and Los Angeles

American Amos Lawrence Angeles antebellum Appleton aristocratic Association Bank bankers became bluebloods Boston Bostonians Brahmin businessmen California capital capitalists charity Charles Charleston Chicago Chicagoans city's civic Club College colonial Columbia commercial County cultural economic Eliot elite enclave entrepreneurs Federalist firms fortunes Gabriel Manigault gentry Harrison Gray Otis Harvard Henry Higginson Historical Society History ibid industry institutions Isaias W James John Josiah Quincy land Lawrence lawyers leadership Lowell M. R. Newmark manufacturing maritime Massachusetts McCormick mercantile merchants millionaires municipal Museum Nathan Appleton officers Old Guard organizations passim patrician patriciate percent Philadelphia Philip Hone Pinckney planters political president Quincy quoted railroad real estate Richard Henry Dana Robert SCHGM social South Carolina Thomas tion trade trustees U.S. senator University Press upper order upper-class urban vols wealth William York York's Yorkers