Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy

aristocracy attained August Bebel authority Bakunin Bebel become Berlin bourgeoisie bureaucracy capitalist comrades congress consequence constitute countries declared delegates democracy democratic parties deputies dominant economic Eduard Bernstein effect election electoral elements employees endeavor executive exercise existence favor force France French Gaetano Mosca German Socialist Party hand ideal ideas individual influence intellectuals interests Italian Italian Socialist Party Italy Jews Karl Karl Kautsky Karl Marx labor movement leadership less majority manifest manual workers Marx Marxist masses means ment Michels minority modern moral officials old leaders oligarchy organiza organization Paris parliament petty bourgeois political parties popular position possess practice principle proletarian question rank and file reason regarded Reichstag representatives revolutionary Robert Michels rule secure sentiment socialist leaders society struggle syndicalists tactics tendency theory tion trade unions trade-union leaders Trans Victor Considérant vote whilst working-class