Building Ponds with Animal Power in the Ethiopian Highlands: A Manual

Addis Ababa Addis Ababa University aerial photographs amount animals APPENDIX Astatke auger hole average number catchment area catchment storage clay content clay loam clay soil completed pond Curve-Number method Debre Berhan depth desilting determine dumped soil erosion estimate Ethiopia Ethiopian highlands evaporation and seepage evaporative losses farmers field visits Figure D.1 formula grass hand-texturing hydraulic conductivity ILCA improved water supply Inversed auger-hole method layer liver fluke m³/day m³/opd maresha maximum minimise non-usable water number of households number of oxen-pairs number of ponds oxen Peasant Association pond construction pond excavation pond sites posthole rainfall rains rainy season Required pond capacity riprap runoff water rural areas SAMPLE CALCULATION sand filter saturated seepage losses sideslopes silt slopes slow sand filter Slow sand filtration Soil auger soil samples soil survey SOIL TEXTURE stored water surface t₁ textural class values of catchment vegetation volume water consumption water level water quality