WE, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

ARTICLE I.
SECTION 1.

1. All legislative powers herein granted, shall be vested Legislative powin a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of er. a Senate and House of Representatives.

SECTION 2.

and

1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of House of repremembers chosen every second every second year by the people of the sentification of several states; and the electors in each state shall have the qualification requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature.

2. No person shall be a representative, who shall not have Electors and reattained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven presentatives. years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen.

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned Apportionment among the several states which may be included within this of representaUnion, according to their respective numbers, which shall be

Ratio of repre. sentatives.

determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative;

First apportion- and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New

ment.

Vacancies.

Speaker of the house.

The senate-each

senator a vote.

Senators classed.

seats vacated every two years.

Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts eight; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; New York, six, New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina, five; and Georgia, three.

4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment.

SECTION 3.

1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have one vote.

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally

A third of the as may be, into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class, shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.

Vacancies.

senators.

Qualification of 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected be an inhabitant of the state for which he shall be chosen. 4. The vice president of the United States shall be president of the senate; but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided.

President of the senate.

Officers.

5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president, pro tempore, in the absence of the vice president, prote or when he shall exercise the office of president of the United States.

6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all im- Impeachments. peachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the president of the United States is tried, the chief justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present.

judgment in

7. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend And extent of further than removal from office, and disqualification to caзев. hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, under the United States; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless Party liable acbe liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and cording to law. punishment, according to law.

SECTION 4.

regulated.

1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Elections how senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each state, by the legislature thereof, but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators.

gress.

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Meetings of conyear, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

SECTION 5.

election of its

1. Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns To judge of the and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of members. each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller Quorum. number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each house may provide.

2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, Rules. punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member.

3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and Journals. from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.

4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall with- Adjournment. out the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.

SECTION 6.

1. The senators and representatives shall receive a com- Compensation. pensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall

Privilege.

Concerning the holding of office.

Revenue bills.

Power and duty

in to bills.

the president.

in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest, during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to or returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place.

2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house, during his continuance in office.

SECTION 7.

1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills.

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Reif teatresident presentatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the president of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it; with his objections, to that house in which it shall have Proceedings on originated, who shall enter the objections, at large, in their bills returned by journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But, in all such cases, the vote of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill, shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted), after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevents its return; in which case, it shall not be a law.

Joint resolutions except for adjournment, to receive the same

3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be Banction as bills. necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the president of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.

SECTION 8.

The Congress shall have power

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises; Power of conto pay the debts, and to provide for the common defencegrees relative to and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United States.

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. Loans. 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among Commerce.

the several states, and with the Indian tribes.

4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uni- Naturalization. form laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States.

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of Money. foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures.

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the Counterfeiting.

securities and current coin of the United States.

7. To establish post offices and post roads.

Post-offices.

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by Science.

securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court. Tribunals. To define and punish piracy and felony committed on the high seas and offences against the law of nations.

10. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, War. and make rules concerning captures on land and water.

11. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of Armies. money to that use, shall be for a longer term than two years. Navy. 12. To provide and maintain a navy.

13. To make rules for government and regulation of the Land and naval

land and naval forces.

forces.

14. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the Militia. laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.

15. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress.

16. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases what- Legislation over soever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased, by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erections of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings; and