Gender, Race, and Politics in the Midwest: Black Club Women in Illinois

activities African Ameri African American women Afro-American alderman Alpha Suffrage Club ballot became Black Chicago black club women black community black female black women Broad Ax cago Cairo candidate Charity Club Chicago Daily Chicago Defender Church Club Movement Colored Women Colored Women's Clubs Darlene Clark Hine delegates DePriest Duster elected Elizabeth Lindsay Davis enfranchisement Fannie Barrier Williams Federation of Colored Frederick Douglass gender girls Gosnell History Ibid IFCWC Illinois Federation joined League Lincoln Colored Home lynching male Mary Mary Church Terrell Migration Monroe NAACP NACW NAWSA Negro Politicians number of black organization Peoria percent Phyllis Wheatley political Race Riot race women racial racism reform Republican role Sangamon County Second Ward social South Southern Springfield Springfield Colored Woman's suffragists tion University Press urban vote voters W. E. B. DuBois Washington Wells-Barnett white supremacy white women Woman's Club women in Illinois World's Columbian Exposition York